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A model of experience feedback (the CHAIN model) that emphasizes the whole chain from initial reporting to preventive measures is used to identify important research needs in the field of learning from accidents. Based on the model, six quality criteria for experience feedback after an accident or incident are presented. Research on experience feedback from accidents is reviewed. The overall conclusion is that the discipline of experience feedback has not been sufficiently self-reflective. The process of experience feedback can and should be applied to experience feedback itself, but that is rarely done. Evaluation studies are needed that provide hard (evidence-based) information about the effects of various methodologies and organizational structures. Four types of studies are particularly important for the development of evidence-based accident investigation practices: (1) studies of the effects and the efficiency of different accident investigation methods, (2) studies of the dissemination of conclusions from accident investigation, (3) follow-up studies of the extent to which accident investigation reports give rise to actual preventive measures, and (4) studies of the integration of experience feedback systems into overall systems of risk management. 相似文献
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We equipped individual tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier Péron and Lesueur, 1822) and Galapagos (Carcharhinus galapagensis Snodgrass and Heller, 1905) sharks with both acoustic and satellite transmitters to quantify their long-term movements in
the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands). Tiger sharks exhibited two broad patterns
of behavior. Some individuals were detected at French Frigate Shoals (FFS) year round, whereas others visited FFS atoll in
summer to forage on fledging albatross, then swam thousands of kilometers along the Hawaiian chain, or out into open ocean
to the North Pacific transition zone chlorophyll front, before returning to FFS in subsequent years. These patterns suggest
tiger sharks may use cognitive maps to navigate between distant foraging areas. Different patterns of spatial behavior may
arise because cognitive maps are built up through individual exploration, and each tiger shark learns a unique combination
of foraging sites. Galapagos shark detections were all associated with FFS, suggesting these sharks may be more resident around
oceanic islands. Both Galapagos and tiger sharks primarily used the mixed layer (<100 m depth) and made occasional deeper
dives through the thermocline down to 680 m. Results show reef-associated sharks utilize a wide variety of habitats ranging
from shallow atoll lagoons to deep reefs and open ocean and may provide important trophic links between these habitats. 相似文献
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Lorien Pichegru Peter G. Ryan Robert J. M. Crawford Carl D. van der Lingen David Grémillet 《Marine Biology》2010,157(3):537-544
In variable environments, organisms are bound to track environmental changes if they are to survive. Most marine mammals and
seabirds are colonial, central-place foragers with long-term breeding-site fidelity. When confronted with environmental change,
such species are potentially constrained in their ability to respond to these changes. For example, if environmental conditions
deteriorate within their limited foraging range, long-lived species favour adult survival and abandon their current breeding
effort, which ultimately influences population dynamics. Should poor conditions persist over several seasons, breeding-site
fidelity may force animals to continue breeding in low-quality habitats instead of emigrating towards more profitable grounds.
We assessed the behavioural response of a site-faithful central-place forager, the Cape gannet Morus capensis, endemic to the Benguela upwelling system, to a rapid shift in the distribution and abundance of its preferred prey, small
pelagic shoaling fish. We studied the distribution and the abundance of prey species, and the diet, foraging distribution,
foraging effort, energy requirements, and breeding success of gannets at Malgas Island (South Africa) over four consecutive
breeding seasons. Facing a rapid depletion of preferred food within their foraging range, Cape gannets initially increased
their foraging effort in search of their natural prey. However, as pelagic fish became progressively scarcer, breeding birds
resorted to scavenging readily available discards from a nearby demersal fishery. Their chicks cannot survive on such a diet,
and during our 4-year study, numbers of breeding birds at the colony decreased by 40% and breeding success of the remaining
birds was very low. Such behavioural inflexibility caused numbers of Cape gannets breeding in Namibia to crash by 95% following
over-fishing of pelagic fish in the 1970s. In the context of rapid environmental changes, breeding-site fidelity of long-lived
species may increase the risk of local or even global extinction, rendering these species particularly vulnerable to global
change. 相似文献
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Differential movement patterns and site fidelity among trophic groups of reef fishes in a Hawaiian marine protected area 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
We tracked the long-term movements of 70 parrotfishes, surgeonfishes and goatfishes captured inside a small (1.3 km2) marine protected area (MPA: Kealakekua Bay Marine Life Conservation District, Hawaii) by implanting them with small transmitters
and deploying underwater monitoring devices inside the bay and along 100 km of the adjacent west Hawaii coastline. Individual
fish were detected inside Kealakekua Bay for up to 612 days but many were detected for much shorter periods (median = 52 days).
There were species-specific differences in the scale of movements and habitats used, but most fish utilized between 0.2 and
1.6 km of coastline, and individuals of each species showed some degree of diel habitat shift. A wide variety of reef fishes
captured inside the MPA swam back and forth across an MPA boundary intersecting continuous reef (i.e., this boundary was porous
to reef fish movements), but only 1 of 11 species tagged crossed a wide sandy channel inside Kealakekua Bay suggesting that
this feature may function as a natural barrier to movements. Results indicate relatively small MPAs (<2 km of coastline) could
provide effective, long-term protection for multi-species assemblages of reef fishes provided that boundaries are situated
along major habitat breaks (e.g., large sand channels between reefs) that may serve as natural barriers to reef fish movements.
It is crucial that a multi-species approach be used when assessing MPA effectiveness. 相似文献