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81.
Gehui Wang Kimitaka Kawamura Meehye Lee 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(2):219-227
To better understand the current physical and chemical properties of East Asian aerosols, an intensive observation of atmospheric particles was conducted at Gosan site, Jeju Island, South Korea during 2005 spring. Total suspended particle (TSP) samples were collected using pre-combusted quartz filters and a high-volume air sampler with the time intervals ranging from 3 h to 48 h. The kinds and amount of various organic compounds were measured in the samples using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Among the 99 target compounds detected, saccharides (average, 130 ± 14 ng m?3), fatty acids (73 ± 7 ng m?3), alcohols (41 ± 4 ng m?3), n-alkanes (32 ± 3 ng m?3), and phthalates (21 ± 2 ng m?3) were found to be major compound classes with polyols/polyacids, lignin and resin products, PAHs, sterols and aromatic acids being minor. Compared to the previous results reported for 2001 late spring samples, no significant changes were found in the levels of their concentrations and compositions for 4 years, although the economy in East Asia, especially in China, has sharply expanded from 2001 to 2005. During the campaign at Gosan site, we encountered two distinct dust storm episodes with high TSP concentrations. The first dust event occurred on March 28, which was characterized by a predominance of secondary organic aerosols. The second event that occurred on the next day (March 29) was found to be characterized by primary organic aerosols associated with forest fires in Siberia/northeastern China. A significant variation in the molecular compositions, which was found within a day, suggests that the compositions of East Asian aerosols are heterogeneous due to multi-contributions from different source regions together with different pathways of long-range atmospheric transport of particles. 相似文献
82.
Fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during vitrification of incinerator ash in a coke bed furnace 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the vitrification of fly ash and bottom ash from the municipal waste incinerator in a coke bed furnace was investigated. In this system, both coke and lime were added to enhance the melting reaction. The major PAH sources in this system were ash and coke, which respectively contributed 97% and 3% of PAHs in the input-mass. During vitrification process, low molecular PAHs (LM-PAH, 2-3-ring), median molecular PAHs (MM-PAH, 4-ring) and high molecular PAHs (HM-PAH, 5-7-ring) mass respectively accounted for >99%, >99% and 84% of the output-mass emitted as the stack flue gas; while those discharged from the slag were <1%, <1% and 16%, respectively. The O/I (output-mass/input-mass) ratio of LM-, MM- and HM-PAHs were 0.063, 0.002 and <0.001, respectively. The high distribution in flue gas and O/I ratio of LM-PAHs is reasonable since they are more easily evaporated, hence difficult to be removed by air pollution control devices. On the contrary, the HM-PAHs, having lower vapor pressure, primarily stays mainly in slag. Based on the 21 total PAH content in feeding ash and slag, the reduction efficiency of the coke bed furnace was >99.9%. To minimize the risk of secondary pollution, the efficiency of coke bed furnace should be improved to reduce the PAH emission into ambient air. 相似文献
83.
Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in South Korea 总被引:32,自引:0,他引:32
The content and type of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in soils from paddy fields and upland areas in South Korea were determined using gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The distribution map of total PAH content was obtained as a contour plot using a geographical information system. The overall distribution of PAH was found to be closely related to the pollution sources, the size of city and the type of industry. The average content of total PAH in all samples was 236 μg kg−1, and the range was from 23.3 to 2834 μg kg−1. The highest concentrations were found in soils sampled near iron processing plants. The concentration of PAH decreased in the order fluoroanthene>benzo(b)fluoroanthene>pyrene. Special PAH compound ratios, such as phenanthrene/anthracene and fluoroanthene/pyrene, were calculated to evaluate the origin. The collected data suggested that the pyrogenic origins such as motor vehicle exhaust and heavy industry emission were the dominant source of PAH in Korean soils. 相似文献
84.
Bal Raj Deshwal Si Hyun Lee Jong Hyeon Jung Byung Hyun Shon Hyung Keun Lee 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2008,20(1):33-38
The study on the removal of NOx from simulated flue gas has been carded out in a lab-scale bubbling reactor using acidic solutions of sodium chlorite. Experiments were performed at various pH values and inlet NO concentrations in the absence or presence of SO2 gas at 45℃. The effect of SO2 on NO oxidation and NO2 absorption was critically examined. The oxidative ability of sodium chlorite was investigated at different pH values and it was found to be a better oxidant at a pH less than 4. In acidic medium, sodium chlorite decomposed into C102 gas, which is believed to participate in NO oxidation as well as in NO2 absorption. A plausible NOx removal mechanism using acidic sodium chlorite solution has been postulated. A maximum NOx removal efficiency of about 81% has been achieved. 相似文献
85.
Major and trace elements of selected pedons in the USA 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Few studies of soil geochemistry over large geographic areas exist, especially studies encompassing data from major pedogenic horizons that evaluate both native concentrations of elements and anthropogenically contaminated soils. In this study, pedons (n = 486) were analyzed for trace (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) and major (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, Si, Ti, Zr) elements, as well as other soil properties. The objectives were to (i) determine the concentration range of selected elements in a variety of U.S. soils with and without known anthropogenic additions, (ii) illustrate the association of elemental source and content by assessing trace elemental content for several selected pedons, and (iii) evaluate relationships among and between elements and other soil properties. Trace element concentrations in the non-anthropogenic dataset (NAD) were in the order Mn > (Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu) > (Pb, Co) > (Cd, Hg), with greatest mean total concentrations for the Andisol order. Geometric means by horizon indicate that trace elements are concentrated in surface and/or B horizons over C horizons. Median values for trace elements are significantly higher in surface horizons of the anthropogenic dataset (AD) over the NAD. Total Al, Fe, cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic C, pH, and clay exhibit significant correlations (0.56, 0.74, 0.50, 0.31, 0.16, and 0.30, respectively) with total trace element concentrations of all horizons of the NAD. Manganese shows the best inter-element correlation (0.33) with these associated total concentrations. Total Fe has one of the strongest relationships, explaining 55 and 30% of the variation in total trace element concentrations for all horizons in the NAD and AD, respectively. 相似文献
86.
The adsorption characteristics of heavy metals by various particle sizes of MSWI bottom ash 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
The incineration rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) has been increased because of difficulty in securing a proper disposal site for MSW in Korea. The advantage of incineration is reduction of the volume of waste; however, significant amounts of bottom ash and fly ash were generated in the incineration process. Their treatment has attracted growing interest because of the potential toxicity of hazardous heavy metals. Generally, heavy metals are less released from bottom ash than from fly ash. In this study the adsorption characteristics of heavy metals were investigated using various particle sizes of MSWI bottom ash. Since bottom ash has a broad particle size distribution, it was sieved to size classes of +20, -20, -48, -80, -100 mesh. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) was analyzed by the ammonium acetate method to evaluate the potential as an adsorbent. The CEC values and surface areas increase as the range of particle size becomes finer. The adsorption experiment was conducted using synthetic (Cu and Ni) and plating rinse water as a function of reaction time (10-180 min), liquid/solid ratio (2-100) and particle size (+20 to -100 mesh), respectively. The adsorption rate increased with decreasing particle size and with increasing liquid/solid ratio; however, the removal efficiency of Cu was higher than that of Ni. In the case of plating rinse water, the adsorption rate decreased sharply at high liquid/solid ratio, and it showed over 80% of adsorption rates for Cu and Ni at an initial pH of 3. 相似文献
87.
Chun Wai Lee Dennis G. Tabor Kenneth A. Cowen 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2008,10(1):38-45
The performance of four dioxin emission monitors, including two long-term sampling devices, the Dioxin-MonitoringSystem (DMS)
and AMESA (the adsorption method for sampling dioxins and furans), and two semireal-time continuous monitors, the resonance
ionization with multimirror photon accumulation time-of-flight mass spectrometer (RIMMPA-TOFMS) and the jet resonance-enhanced
multiphoton ionization (jet-REMPI) system were tested. A package boiler burning a simulated chlorinated hazardous waste was
used for a total of nine tests. Reference samples were collected during each test and analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzodioxins
and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The PCDD/F concentrations of the reference samples
measured by EPA Method 23 ranged from 0.9 to 6.0 ng toxic equivalence (TEQ)/dry standard cubic meter. The relative accuracies
achieved by DMS, AMESA, and jet-REMPI varied from 22.6% to 78.2%, with 100% data completeness. The RIMMPA-TOFMS produced no
quantifiable results due to various difficulties associated with the instrument during the testing. The two long-term samplers
were easy to install and operate and provided a cumulative, averaged emission for the sampling period. The operations of the
two semi-real-time continuous monitors were relatively complex, but one of them provided on-site, real-time data for PCDD/F
emissions from measurement of a TEQ correlative indicator compound. This article summarizes results from the individual Environmental
Technology Verification reports for the four dioxin monitors.
This work was presented, in part, at the Fourth International Conference on Combustion, Incineration/Pyrolysis and Emission
Control (i-CIPEC) 相似文献
88.
Martin Braniš 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2008,8(1):49-60
To assess the effect of changes in traffic density and fuels used for heating at the beginning of the 1990s, 1992–2005 monthly
averages of PM10, SO2, NO2, NO, CO and O3 from Prague, the Czech capital, were analyzed together with long term trends in emissions of major pollutants, fuel consumption
and number of vehicles registered in Prague. The data from all monitoring stations were retrieved from the database of the
state automated monitoring system. Correlation coefficients between ambient monthly averaged temperature and all pollutants
of concern showed distinct seasonal trends. The results showed that while SO2 and to some extent also CO concentrations dropped namely in the first half of the analyzed period (1992–1997) as a result
decreased fossil fuel consumption for local heating, the behaviour of other pollutant concentrations followed a different
pattern. PM10 concentrations decreased during the beginning of the 1990s but showed a sign of increase after 2000. Concentrations of ozone
and NO2 did not reveal any significant change throughout the whole studied period. It can be concluded that during the studied period
traditional urban sources of pollution, such as coal and oil combustion, lost their importance but were simultaneously substituted
by pollutants from automotive transport (namely PM and NO2) making the problem of air quality even worse. 相似文献
89.
Observations of Atmospheric Nitrogen and Phosphorus Deposition During the Period of Algal Bloom Formation in Northern Lake Taihu,China 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
Cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Taihu occurred at the end of April 2007 and had crucial impacts on the livelihood of millions
of people living there. Excessive nutrients may promote bloom formation. Atmospheric nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deposition
appears to play an important role in algal bloom formation. Bulk deposition and rain water samples were collected respectively
from May 1 to November 30, 2007, the period of optimal algal growth, to measure the bulk atmospheric deposition rate, wet
deposition rate, and dry deposition rate for total nitrogen (TN; i.e., all species of nitrogen), and total phosphorus (TP;
i.e., all species of phosphorus), in northern Lake Taihu, China. The trends of the bulk atmospheric deposition rate for TN
and the wet deposition rate for TN showed double peaks during the observation period and distinct influence with plum rains
and typhoons. Meanwhile, monthly bulk atmospheric deposition rates for TP showed little influence of annual precipitation.
However, excessive rain may lead to high atmospheric N and P deposition rates. In bulk deposition samples, the average percentage
of total dissolved nitrogen accounting for TN was 91.2% and changed little with time. However, the average percentage of total
dissolved phosphorus accounting for TP was 65.6% and changed substantially with time. Annual bulk atmospheric deposition rates
of TN and TP during 2007 in Lake Taihu were estimated to be 2,976 and 84 kg km−2 a−1, respectively. The results showed decreases of 34.4% and 78.7%, respectively, compared to 2002–2003. Annual bulk deposition
load of TN for Lake Taihu was estimated at 6,958 t a−1 in 2007 including 4,642 t a−1 of wet deposition, lower than the values obtained in 2002–2003. This may be due to measures taken to save energy and emission
control regulations in the Yangtze River Delta. Nevertheless, high atmospheric N and P deposition loads helped support cyanobacterial
blooms in northern Lake Taihu during summer and autumn, the period of favorable algal growth. 相似文献
90.
As a means to remediate soil contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, we investigated a combined process involving
ethanol washing followed by a Fenton oxidation reaction. Artificial loamy soil was contaminated with various representative
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (i.e., fluorene, anthracene, pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, or benzo(a)pyrene) at concentrations
ten times higher than regulatory soil standards of The Netherlands or Canada, and then washed four times in ethanol, which
reduced the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination to below the regulatory standard. Fenton oxidation
of ethanol solutions containing anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, pyrene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, benz(a)anthracene, benzo(j)fluoranthene,
or indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene showed a removal efficiency of 73.3%–99.0%; by contrast, solutions containing naphthalene, fluorene,
fluoranthene, phenanthrene, or benzo(b)fluoranthene showed a removal efficiency of 9.6%–27.6%. Since each of the nonremediated
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, excluding benzo(b)fluoranthene, are easily biodegradable, these results indicate that the
proposed treatment can be successfully applied to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soil that does not contain
high concentrations of benzo(b)fluoranthene. The main reaction products resulting from Fenton oxidation of ethanol solutions
containing anthracene or benz(a)anthracene were anthraquinon or benz(a)anthracene-7,12-dione, respectively; while 1,8-naphthalic
anhydride was produced by solutions of acenaphthylene and acenaphthene, and 9-fluorenone by a fluorene solution.
Received: June 9, 1998 / Accepted: March 24, 1999 相似文献