全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)及替代品对两栖类蝌蚪的急性毒性

PFOS及其4种替代品对两栖动物非洲爪蟾和黑斑蛙蝌蚪的急性毒性结果为:用调聚法合成的织物三防整理剂对非洲爪蟾蝌蚪和黑斑蛙蝌蚪的96h-LC50分别为8和21mg·L-1,而PFOS对两种蝌蚪的96h-LC50分别为92和81mg·L-1。此实验结果说明织物三防整理剂的急性毒性高于PFOS。用电解氟化法合成的C4、C6织物三防整理剂和50%的全氟丁基有机铵盐阳离子表面活性剂浓度在100mg·L-1时,对两种蝌蚪都没有毒性。这说明,从急性毒性的角度,C4、C6织物三防整理剂和表面活性剂可作为PFOS的替代品使用,但是织物三防整理剂的急性毒性比PFOS大,作为替代品使用应慎重考虑。另外,PFOS和织物三防整理剂对黑斑蛙蝌蚪的急性毒性与对非洲爪蟾蝌蚪的急性毒性存在差异。出于保护我国本土两栖动物的目的,使用黑斑蛙开展毒性评价比使用非洲爪蟾更有现实意义。     

雪冰中痕量高氯酸盐的在线富集方法

利用一维离子色谱建立了高氯酸盐的在线富集方法,以期为建立定量检测南极雪冰中痕量高氯酸盐的离子色谱-串联质谱法奠定基础.选用高容量、强亲水性的IonPac AS20阴离子交换柱进行分离,以淋洗液自动发生器在线产生的KOH作为淋洗液,等梯度淋洗.考虑到南极雪冰样品量十分有限,选定5 mL为富集体积,对应的富集时间为10 min.高氯酸盐质量浓度在0.5—50μg.L-1范围内,方法具有良好的线性（相关系数为0.9995）,检出限（以S/N=3计）为0.05μg.L-1.将浓度为0.5μg.L-1的标准溶液连续11次富集进样,所得峰面积的相对标准偏差（RSD）为4.7%.以人工配制的仅含有高氯酸盐的溶液实施了加标回收实验,回收率在85%—108%之间.     

安徽省农村安全民居调查

2004年6月底,我们在安徽宿州市地震局灾防科同志的陪同下,前往宿州市灵壁县灵光村进行农村民居抗震设防工作调研。     

超临界水氧化技术及在废水处理中的应用

超临界水氧化法是一种很有前途的废水处理方法。介绍了超临界水的性质、超临界水氧化技术的原理及在废水处理中的应用,并对该技术存在的问题和发展前景进行了探讨。     

Mechanisms for simultaneous ozonation of sulfamethoxazole and natural organic matters in secondary effluent from sewage treatment plant

• SMX was mainly degraded by hydrolysis, isoxazole oxidation and double-bond addition. • Isoxazole oxidation and bond addition products were formed by direct ozonation. • Hydroxylated products were produced by indirect oxidation. • NOM mainly affected the degradation of SMX by consuming ^•OH rather than O₃. • Inhibitory effect of NOM on SMX removal was related to the components’ aromaticity. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is commonly detected in wastewater and cannot be completely decomposed during conventional treatment processes. Ozone (O₃) is often used in water treatment. This study explored the influence of natural organic matters (NOM) in secondary effluent of a sewage treatment plant on the ozonation pathways of SMX. The changes in NOM components during ozonation were also analyzed. SMX was primarily degraded by hydrolysis, isoxazole-ring opening, and double-bond addition, whereas hydroxylation was not the principal route given the low maximum abundances of the hydroxylated products, with m/z of 269 and 287. The hydroxylation process occurred mainly through indirect oxidation because the maximum abundances of the products reduced by about 70% after the radical quencher was added, whereas isoxazole-ring opening and double-bond addition processes mainly depended on direct oxidation, which was unaffected by the quencher. NOM mainly affected the degradation of micropollutants by consuming ^•OH rather than O₃ molecules, resulting in the 63%–85% decrease in indirect oxidation products. The NOM in the effluent were also degraded simultaneously during ozonation, and the components with larger aromaticity were more likely degraded through direct oxidation. The dependences of the three main components of NOM in the effluent on indirect oxidation followed the sequence: humic-like substances>fluvic-like substances>protein-like substances. This study reveals the ozonation mechanism of SMX in secondary effluent and provides a theoretical basis for the control of SMX and its degradation products in actual water treatment.     

Mapping loci that control lateral spike development in Tibetan barley by bulked segregant analysis (BSA)北大核心CSCD

Fertility of lateral spikelets determines the two-rowed or six-rowed spikes of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), which results in significantly different grain yields. The change in row type from two-rowed to six-rowed shows remarkable domestication characteristics. The Qinghai-Tibet plateau has abundant resources of wild and cultivated barley, and is considered one of the centers of domestication and genetic diversity of cultivated barley. In order to obtain a primary understanding of the genetic basis of lateral spike development regulation and the domestication process in cultivated Tibetan barley, an F2 segregation population was constructed by crossing the two-rowed wild barley accession ZYM0083 with the six-rowed landraces Linzhiheiliuleng. Genetic analysis showed that the row type was controlled by a single gene. Using the specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) technology and bulked segregant analysis (BSA), two DNA pools from 22 two-rowed spike individuals and 22 six-rowed spike individuals of the F2 population were constructed and sequenced. A total of 456 691 SLAF tags were obtained. By adopting the ED and SNP index for association analysis, three candidate regions with a 53.84-Mb interval and containing 536 genes were obtained. Four-hundred thirteen, 189, and 160 annotated genes were acquired by GO, KEGG, and COG libraries, respectively. Loci that control lateral spike development in Tibetan barley were primarily mapped by SLAF-seq, and the results presented in this study will facilitate the fine mapping and cloning of target genes. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Duckweed Landoltia punctata purifies micro-polluted surface water and produces starch北大核心CSCD

Aquatic plant duckweed has remarkable potential in nutritional water purification and starch accumulation; at present, it has received increasing attention. This study aimed to investigate the ability of duckweed in nutrient recovery from micro-polluted surface water; further, the starch accumulation capacity of duckweed was evaluated. The results showed that duckweed can achieve better depth treatment of the micro-polluted surface water, within 1-day treatment, by duckweed. Ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus status of Class V and worse than class V water was improved to a superior level; moreover, the nitrogen and phosphorus removal rates were 98.5% and 82.9%, respectively. In addition, duckweed can rapidly accumulate starch during water treatment. The starch content of duckweed was 28.38% and 21.57% (dry weight) in Class V and worse than class V wastewater after 3 days of treatment, respectively, and reached 52.15% and 49.58% on day 15. Moreover, additional carbon dioxide (CO2) supplementation promoted the starch production. The starch content increased by 55.7% compared with that of control, and the average starch accumulation rate increased by 2.72 times in 3 days. Therefore, duckweed can not only rapidly purify micro-polluted water, but also accumulate a large amount of starch. This study forms the basis for wastewater treatment and post-treatment utilization of duckweed biomass. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

多氯联苯羟基化代谢物及其雌激素效应研究进展

多氯联苯作为一种环境内分泌干扰物,具有一定的雌激素干扰效应,导致动物雌激素水平紊乱或功能异常,从而影响生殖、发育或行为。羟基多氯联苯是多氯联苯最主要的活性代谢产物,已经在动物和人体组织中被检出。羟基多氯联苯的化学性质和分子空间构象使其雌激素干扰效应可能较母体化合物更强。因此,它们对人类和动物机体的潜在影响以及由此带来的新的毒理学问题成为内分泌干扰研究领域的热点之一,相关的毒性作用机制需要进一步探索。本文对多氯联苯的代谢途径、羟基多氯联苯在生物体内的暴露水平、雌激素干扰效应及作用机制进行综述。     

湖北农村燃柴和燃煤家庭大气多环芳烃污染特征和呼吸暴露风险

以具有致癌毒性的多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)为对象,本研究于2014年1月(冬季)在湖北恩施农村地区使用煤炭和薪柴的家庭中同步采集了室内外空气样品,分析了室内外空气中28种PAHs(∑PAH28)的浓度水平、成分谱和粒径分布,重点比较了不同燃料家庭的污染特征差异,并据此估算了暴露人群的健康风险。结果表明,在燃煤家庭,∑PAH28的室内和室外浓度分别是(507±449) ng·m~(-3)和(120±18) ng·m~(-3);而在燃柴家庭,其室内和室外∑PAH28浓度分别是(849±421) ng·m~(-3)和(268±44) ng·m~(-3)。受室内排放源影响,室内PAHs浓度显著高于室外,室内外∑PAH28浓度比值在2～13。颗粒态PAHs主要集中在细颗粒物上,PM1.0(空气动力学直径小于1.0μm)上的PAHs占到颗粒态PAHs的50%～80%。燃煤家庭的居民因PAHs呼吸暴露导致的终生致癌风险的中位数是1.8×10~(-5)(四分位距是1.2×10~(-5)～3.1×10~(-5)),使用薪柴的家庭人群暴露风险7.1×10~(-5)(6.5×10~(-5)～7.8×10~(-5))。无论是燃煤还是薪柴的家庭,居民因PAHs呼吸暴露导致的终生致癌风险均超过10-6的可接受风险水平,表明该地区的高浓度PAHs污染致使当地人群存在较高的致癌风险。     

SmMnO3钙钛矿型氧化物的制备及其催化氧化甲苯性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了SmMnO3钙钛矿型氧化物,将其作为催化剂,在固定床反应器中研究了催化剂的焙烧温度和混合气体积空速对甲苯催化氧化效果的影响,并通过XRD、SEM、XPS、H2-TPR等技术表征了催化剂的微结构及化学性质.结果表明:催化剂对甲苯的催化氧化活性随焙烧温度升高而提高;焙烧温度为800℃时制备的催化剂(S...