全氟辛烷磺酸短期暴露对不同作物苗期生长的影响

全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)作为一种新型持久性有机污染物,目前国内外对其生态毒性研究主要集中在水环境领域,而高等植物的生态毒性数据尚不完善。因此,本研究采用内培养方式,选取小麦、大麦、小白菜、三叶草、绿豆作为供试植物,利用根伸长、芽伸长、地上部分生物量等评价指标,研究了PFOS短期暴露对不同供试作物苗期生长的影响,建立了PFOS和作物苗期生长的剂量-效应关系,并对不同的评价指标进行相关性分析,筛选出表征PFOS生态毒性的敏感植物。结果表明,不同供试作物培育3 d后,PFOS对其于不同毒性终点的最小EC₅₀值为：小麦352 mg·kg^-1(根伸长)、大麦434 mg·kg^-1(根伸长)、三叶草794 mg·kg^-1(地上部分生物量鲜重)、小白菜829 mg·kg^-1(地上部分生物量鲜重)、绿豆>1 000 mg·kg^-1,因此敏感程度依次为：小麦>大麦>三叶草>小白菜>绿豆。须根系作物小麦、大麦较直根系作物三叶草、小白菜和绿豆敏感,而须根系作物各评价指标的敏感程度依次为：根伸长>地上部分生物量鲜重>芽伸长>地上部分生物量干重,可见小麦的根伸长对PFOS污染最为敏感。各评价指标间均呈正相关关系,表明PFOS对同种植物的不同评价指标影响趋势一致。     

不同补给水源的城市人工湖中异养菌耐药性及耐药菌种属分布研究

为了阐明不同补给水源的城市人工湖中异养菌耐药状况和耐药菌种属分布特征,选取分别以地表水和再生水为补水来源的XQ湖和FQ湖为代表进行研究。从2018年4—11月逐月采集水样,考察了各水样中对氨苄西林(AMP)、磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ)和四环素(TET)这3种不同种类抗生素具有耐药性的异养菌含量,并对分离菌株的耐药表型、耐药菌株的种属分布以及水质理化指标进行了分析。结果表明,2处人工湖中的AMP耐药菌和SMZ耐药菌含量约为10~2～10~4CFU·(100 m L)~(-1),而TET耐药菌含量则约10~1～10~3CFU·(100 m L)~(-1)。分离出的84株耐药菌归属于19个种,其中蜡状芽孢杆菌、大肠埃希氏菌、维氏气单胞菌、豚鼠气单胞菌和鸟氨酸拉乌尔菌为2个湖共有耐药菌。71.4%的耐药菌都是对AMP单一耐药,以蜡状芽孢杆菌为主。由于具有固有耐药性的细菌在分离出的耐药菌中占比很低,获得性耐药很可能在城市人工湖中异养菌耐药性的发展上发挥了主要贡献作用。地表水补水的XQ湖和再生水补水的FQ湖在总异养菌含量、耐药菌含量和检出率上均无显著差异。分离来源对16株耐药性气单胞菌的聚类无明显影响。     

环境监测数据法律地位的思考

概述了监测数据的法律地位，对指导当前的环境保护执法工作具有重要的现实意义．     

A fishy odor episode in a north China reservoir：Occurrence, origin, and possible odor causing compounds

A significant outbreak of fishy odor occurred in a reservoir located in Inner Mongolia, China, in the winter of 2011, and the odor rating, algal density and concentrations of some potential odorous compounds were monitored over a period of two months. The peak odor rating of the fishy odor was 7 according to flavor profile analysis. Among the dominant algal species （two diatom and one chrysophyte species） observed during the survey, the chrysophyte Dinobryon sp. was the most abundant species, with the peak density recorded at 88,520 cells/mL. Seven potential algal metabolites including heptanal, 2,4-heptadienal, 2,4-decadienal, nonanal, 2-octenal, 2,6- nonadienal and hexanal were detected. The principal component analysis result showed that n-hexanal, n-heptanal and 2,4-decadienal, possibly the metabolites of diatoms, and 2,4-heptadienal, possibly the metabolite of Dinobryon sp., might have contributed to the fishy odor episode. This study demonstrated that the fishy odor episode in this reservoir might be caused by the abnormal growth of chrysophytes and diatoms under the ice-cover.     

北京市沙尘暴天气大气气溶胶酸度和酸化缓冲能力

2000年春季,北京市先后出现12次沙尘暴天气.本研究捕捉到2次沙尘暴天气,分析了沙尘暴天气和非沙尘暴天气TSP、PM₁₀的质量浓度、酸度和酸化缓冲能力.研究结果表明发生沙尘暴时大气气溶胶的污染水平极高,同时其酸度相对较低,对酸化有非常强的缓冲能力,因此沙尘暴天气时产生的大气气溶胶可以在一定程度上避免酸性降水的发生.     

Environmental fate and behavior of silver nanoparticles in natural estuarine systems

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in many consumer products, whereas their environmental behaviors in natural aquatic systems remain unknown, especially in natural brackish media. Therefore, it is urgent to investigate the environmental fate of AgNPs in natural brackish waters. Here, we investigated the stability of citrate-coated AgNPs in natural brackish water collected from 6 different sites with distinct salinities in the Xinglinwan Reservoir, located in Xiamen City, southeast China. The obtained results showed that AgNP colloids remained stable in low-salinity waters, which was mainly determined by the effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) promoting the stability of the nanoparticles. However, the environmental fate of AgNPs in high-salinity waters was dominated by the salinity or ionic strength, especially the free ion concentrations of Cl^?, SO₄^2?, or S^2?, resulting in rapid sedimentation and dissolution. In addition, both DOM and salinity contributed to the environmental behavior of AgNPs in moderate-salinity waters, ultimately resulting in either colloidal stability or sedimentation. Overall, these results may reveal that AgNPs remain relatively stable for a long period in low-salinity natural waters, and that the stability might gradually decrease as AgNPs are transferred from freshwaters through brackish waters and eventually end up in seawater along the bay. Our findings also further indicate that the toxicity and potential risks of AgNPs may present more serious threats to the environment and organisms in natural freshwaters than in natural estuarine systems or seawater.     

Prediction of soil organic partition coefficients by a soil leaching column chromatographic method

The soil organic partition coefficient (Koc) is one of the most important parameters to depict the transfer and fate of a chemical in the soil-water system. Predicting Koc by using a chromatographic technique has been developing into a convenient and low-cost method. In this paper, a soil leaching column chromatograpy (SLCC) method employing the soil column packed with reference soil GSE 17201 (obtained from Bayer Landwirtschaftszentrum, Monheim, Germany) and methanol-water eluents was developed to predict the Koc of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs), over a log Koc range of 4.8 orders of magnitude, from their capacity factors. The capacity factor with water as an eluent (k'w) could be obtained by linearly extrapolating capacity factors in methanol-water eluents (k'w) with various volume fractions of methanol (symbol in text). The important effects of solute activity coefficients in water on k'w and Koc were illustrated. Hence, the correlation between log Koc and log k'w (and log k') exists in the soil. The correlation coefficient (r) of the log Koc vs. log k'w correlation for 58 apolar and polar compounds could reach 0.987, while the correlation coefficients of the log Koc -log k' correlations were no less than 0.968, with (symbol in text)ranging from 0 to 0.50. The smaller the (symbol in text), the higher the r. Therefore, it is recommended that the eluent of smaller (symbol in text), such as water, be used for accurately estimating Koc. Correspondingly, the r value of the log Koc -log k'w correlation on a reversed-phase Hypersil ODS (Thermo Hypersil, Kleinostheim, Germany) column was less than 0.940 for the same solutes. The SLCC method could provide a more reliable route to predict Koc indirectly from a correlation with k'w than the reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (RPLC) one.     

贵州近期的滑坡活动及防治对策

贵州是一个生态环境脆弱、滑坡灾害频繁的山区省份。在调查分析２３７个典型滑坡的基础上，阐述了贵州近期滑坡活动的主要类型、特征及分布规律，探讨了滑坡的形成条件和机理。指出人为工程活动和降雨条件是诱发贵州近期滑坡活动的主要因子，并据此提出了相应的防治对策。     

农村生态环境分区的数量化方法─—以鞍山市为例

运用聚类分析和地理信息系统相结合的方法，选择了１８个指标和７８个分区单元，将鞍山市农村生态环境划分成８个区，作出分布图，并分别给出了各分区的主要特征。     

城市小康社会安全指标体系设计

城市安全是我国小康社会安全的关键和重要组成部分 ,科学地设计城市小康社会的安全指标体系 ,对于定量地分析和认识城市安全的状况 ,科学地评价安全的社会价值有着现实的意义。笔者首先提出了安全小康社会的概念及其发展目标的体系和原则 ;然后结合我国的政府管理部门需要 ,定义了城市安全的 12大领域 ,并设计了指标体系 ,包括社会稳定、社会治安、公共场所安全、公共卫生、交通安全、生产安全、食品安全、减灾防灾、人口安全、环境安全、能源安全及宏观综合。每个具体指标都是在研究该安全领域具体现状的基础上 ,经过分析影响其安全状况的重要因素设计而成的。城市小康社会安全指标体系能够应用于评价城市的总体安全状况。