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501.
采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)建立了地表水中25种抗生素类药物和8种非抗生素类药物的分析方法。通过重点优化质谱参数、色谱条件、样品pH、洗脱溶剂组成及用量等确定了最佳分析条件。水样经过滤、固相萃取柱富集净化后,选择Shim-pack XR-ODS为色谱柱,以乙腈和0.2%甲酸-2 mmol/L乙酸铵-水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾电离源,在多反应监测模式下(MRM)分析测定,内标法定量。33种药物的仪器定量限为0.012~4.68 ng/L,方法检出限为0.011~7.60 ng/L,地表水加标回收率为53.7%~122%,相对标准偏差为1.22%~32.1%(n=6)。方法成功应用于北京市凉水河12个地表水样分析,共检出32种药物,检出质量浓度为未检出~239 ng/L。利托那韦(RTV)作为新型冠状病毒诊疗方案中推荐的药物在凉水河检出率为100%。 相似文献
502.
Haiyang Chen Yanguo Teng Jinsheng Wang 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(2):2009-2021
The nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is difficult to manage and control due to its complicated generation and formation. Load estimation and source apportionment are an important and necessary process for efficient NPS control. Here, an integrated application of semi-distributed land use-based runoff process (SLURP) model, export coefficients model (ECM), and revise universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) for the load estimation and source apportionment of nitrogen and phosphorus was proposed. The Jinjiang River (China) was chosen for the evaluation of the method proposed here. The chosen watershed was divided into 27 subbasins. After which, the SLURP model was used to calculate land use runoff and to estimate loads of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus, and ECM was applied to estimate dissolved loads from livestock and rural domestic sewage. Next, the RUSLE was employed for load estimation of adsorbed nitrogen and phosphorus. The results showed that the 12,029.06 t?a?1 pollution loads of total NPS nitrogen (TN) mainly originated from dissolved nitrogen (96.24 %). The major sources of TN were land use runoff, which accounted for 45.97 % of the total, followed by livestock (32.43 %) and rural domestic sewage (17.83 %). For total NPS phosphorous (TP), its pollution loads were 570.82 t?a?1 and made up of dissolved and adsorbed phosphorous with 66.29 and 33.71 % respectively. Soil erosion, land use runoff, rural domestic sewage, and livestock were the main sources of phosphorus with contribution ratios of 33.71, 45.73, 14.32, and 6.24 % respectively. Therefore, land use runoff, livestock, and soil erosion were identified as the main pollution sources to influence loads of NPS nitrogen and phosphorus in the Jinjiang River and should be controlled first. The method developed here provided a helpful guideline for conducting NPS pollution management in similar watershed. 相似文献
503.
Odor and corrosion are common problems in domestic wastewater collection, transportation, pumping, and treatment processes. Based on the comparison among odorous compounds and onsite observations at a wastewater lift station, H2S is more likely to have caused the odor and corrosion problems than methanethiol and other organic sulfides. The field data from both air and wastewater quality monitoring demonstrated that more H2S (1 ppmv) was formed at a more negative redox potential, lower pH, and a higher temperature of wastewater. Since the lower detection level of most current analytical techniques is much greater than human’s smell and the reference concentration for adverse health effects, automatic monitoring on the threshold of H2S formation provides a mechanism to trigger control techniques only when necessary for cost saving purposes. Based on Gibbs free energy, a more negative redox potential is required to form H2S with an increase in pH and a decrease in temperature and SO 4 2? concentration. However, pH effect is more significant than both temperature and SO 4 2? concentration for H2S formation. It is recommended that H2S control techniques be started when the redox potential is below ?44 mV, the pH is lower than 5.6, and the temperature is higher than 11.5 °C to control H2S below the reference concentration. Corroded concrete particles were examined by X-ray diffraction, which showed that the dominant crystal form was quartz. 相似文献
504.
Li Yongmei Li Wenshu Gu Guowei 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2007,1(4):493-497
Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the promotive effect of pyridine on indole degradation under denitrifying
conditions. The seed sludge was obtained from a local coal-coking wastewater treatment facility and was acclimated in the
laboratory. Indole and pyridine were supplemented to the synthetic wastewater at different ratios. The optimum ratio of chemical
oxygen demand (COD) to nitrate (C/N) was 8.4–8.9 for both denitrification and indole and pyridine degradation. At a temperature
of 28°C and pH of 7.0–7.5, the nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was in the best state. The addition of pyridine could promote
NRA and the degradation of indole. When the initial concentration of indole was 150 mg/L, the concentration ratio of indole
to pyridine was in the range of 1–10. Under optimum C/N conditions, the degradation of indole could be described with pseudo-zero-order
kinetics. There was no accumulation of nitrite during the reaction. When the concentration ratio of pyridine to indole was
less than 0.25 with an increase in the pyridine proportion, there were more significant augment rates for NRA and the degradation
of indole than the situation when the concentration ratio was more than 0.25.
__________
Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(2): 300–304 [译自: 环境科学] 相似文献
505.
A Simulation of Temporal and Spatial Variations in Carbon at Landscape Level: A Case Study for Lake Abitibi Model Forest in Ontario,Canada 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Xiaolu Zhou Changhui Peng Qing-Lai Dang Jiaxin Chen Sue Parton 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(4):525-543
Using a case study of the Lake Abitibi Model Forest (LAMF), this study aims to assess the temporal and spatial variability
in carbon storage during 1990–2000, and to present a comprehensive estimation of the carbon budget for LAMF's ecosystems.
As well, it provided the information needed by local forest managers to develop ecological and carbon-based indicators and
monitor the sustainability of forest ecosystems. Temporal and spatial carbon dynamics were simulated at the landscape level
using ecosystem model TRIPLEX1.0 and Geographical Information System (GIS). The simulated net primary productivity (NPP) and
carbon storage in forest biomass and soil were compared with field data and results from other studies for Canada's boreal
forests. The results show that simulated NPP ranged from 3.26 to 3.34 tC ha−1 yr−1 in the 1990s and was consistent with the range measured during the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Studies (BOREAS) in central
Canada. Modeled NPP was also compared with the estimation from remote sensing data. The density of total above-and belowground
biomass was 125.3, 111.8, and 106.5 tC ha−1 for black spruce, trembling aspen, and jack pine in the LAMF ecosystem, respectively. The total carbon density of forested
land was estimated at 154.4 tC ha−1 with the proportion of 4:6 for total biomass and soil. The analysis of net carbon balance of ecosystem suggested that the
LAMF forest ecosystem was acting as a carbon sink with an allowable harvest in the 1990s. 相似文献
506.
507.
508.
陈卫红 《中国个体防护装备》2011,(6):40-41,46
生产性粉尘是我国作业场所最普遍且严重威胁劳动者健康的职业有害因素,接触生产性粉尘引发的尘肺病是我国发病最高的职业病。为控制尘肺病的发生,以《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》为依据,我国已经进行了大量配套职业卫生标准的研制工作,同时,在生产粉尘健康危害评价、接尘人群的健康监护和呼吸防护用品研制方面开展了大量科研工作。要达到国际劳工组织和世界卫生组织提出的2030年消除矽肺病目标,我们的尘肺防治工作任重道远。 相似文献
509.
Xiaoping Zheng Zengqiang Chen 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2011,24(4):293-301
Source determination is vital in decision making and emergency planning involving hazardous chemical releases. This work was concentrated on inverse calculation approaches for source determination as well as current trends and future perspectives. In this paper, these different approaches are reviewed by dividing them into two categories: probability modeling methods and optimization modeling methods. The traits of these approaches are comparatively analyzed. Then it is shown how these approaches behave when applied to practical cases, and their feasibility, applicability, stability, and limitation in determining the location and strength are presented. It is argued that when experimenting with potential terrorist attacks involving hazardous chemical releases, observation points should be around the main line of the downwind direction when the source is known; while the uniform distribution of observation points is an efficient solution for unknown incidents. Probability modeling methods are demonstrated to be insufficient during emergency responses due to their lacking of enough prior information of unknown parameters, while optimization modeling methods are efficient and become a new trend in source determination. Findings reflect an urgent need for the development of high-accuracy detectors and further research of data transmission techniques in order to ensure the validity of these approaches. 相似文献
510.
The total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) pollution in regional agricultural soils was investigated. Seventy soil samples collected
from surface layers (0–20 cm) and horizons of five selected pedons in the vicinity of a petrochemical complex in Guangzhou,
China were analyzed, and the vertical variation and spatial variability of TPH were evaluated. The TPH concentration in top
soils around the petrochemical complex ranged from 1,179.3 to 6,354.9 mg kg − 1, with the average of 2,676.6 mg kg − 1. Furthermore, significant differences between land-use types showed that the TPH concentration in top soils was strongly
influenced by accidental spills. Both the TPH trends in pedons and the identified hot-spot areas also showed that the accidental
explosions or burning accidents were mainly responsible for the pollution. The results reported here suggest that the regular
monitoring and inspection shall be conducted for safety and to avoid or minimize the accidents, and the effective measures
should be taken to remediate the contaminated areas and to assure that the important industrialization of Guangzhou area would
not mean human health risks near the petrochemical complex. 相似文献