海陆风环流中海盐气溶胶对大气影响的模拟

采用WRF-CMAQ模式对2013年9月9~13日珠江口一次典型海陆风过程进行数值模拟,并进一步探讨了在此类型环流系统下,海盐气溶胶及其对大气环境的影响.结果表明：珠江口附近海风环流一般在14：00左右开始形成,17：00左右发展最旺盛,且在珠江口沿岸形成扇形风系.在海陆风环流影响下,珠江三角洲地区陆地上Na⁺浓度从17：00开始增加,次日02：00左右达到最大,10：00以后开始下降.海盐气溶胶存在明显的氯亏损现象,其中白天的氯亏损情况远比晚上严重,细粒径的氯亏损情况比粗粒径严重.设置有无海盐气溶胶排放的敏感性试验进行对比研究发现：考虑海盐排放后,珠江口地区HCl,SO₄^2-,NO₃^-的浓度均有增加,其中,HCl和NO₃^-的增加较多,SO₄^2-较少.HCl浓度增加的高值在Cl^-高值之前;SO₄^2-浓度变化主要受海盐气溶胶排放中的硫酸盐组分影响;NO₃^-浓度变化则主要受氯亏损机制和NO₃^-干沉降过程共同影响.     

基于大气环境风险的危险废物集中处置设施环境防护距离研究

针对危险废物集中处置设施选址的环境管理要求,以某危险废物经营企业为研究对象,从大气环境风险对人体健康损害的角度出发,研究了为防止危险废物集中储存和综合利用设施有毒有害物质泄漏、油品火灾燃烧烟气和焚烧设施废气排放等对周边居住场所及农用地造成严重影响应设置的环境防护距离,可为该类项目的选址和环境管理提供科学依据。     

Significant influences of TiO2 crystal structures on NO2 and HONO emissions from the nitrates photolysis

The emissions of NO₂ and HONO from the KNO₃ photolysis in the presence of TiO₂ were measured using a round-shape reactor coupled to a NO_x analyzer. TiO₂ played important roles in the emission flux density of NO₂ (R_NO2) and HONO (R_HONO), depending on crystal structures and mass ratios of TiO₂. R_NO2 and R_HONO significantly decreased with increasing the rutile and anatase mass ratios from 0 to 8 and 0.5 wt.%, respectively. Nevertheless, with further increasing the anatase mass ratio to 8 wt.%, there was an increase in R_NO2 and R_HONO. R_NO2 on KNO₃/TiO₂/SiO₂ had positive correlation with the KNO₃ mass (1–20 wt.%), irradiation intensity (80–400 W/m²) and temperature (278–308 K), while it had the maximum value at the relative humidity (RH) of 55%. R_HONO on KNO₃/TiO₂/SiO₂ slightly varied with the KNO₃ mass and temperature, whereas it increased with the irradiation intensity and RH. In addition, the mechanism for NO₂ and HONO emissions from the nitrates photolysis and atmospheric implications were discussed.     

A monitoring-modeling approach to SO42 − and NO3− secondary conversion ratio estimation during haze periods in Beijing, China

SO_4~(2-) and NO_3~- are important chemical components of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)),especially during haze periods.This study selected two haze episodes in Beijing,China with similar meteorological conditions.A monitoring-modeling approach was developed to estimate the secondary conversion ratios of sulfur and nitrogen based on monitored and simulated concentrations.Measurements showed that in Episode 1(24th–25th October,2014),the concentrations(proportions)of SO_4~(2-) and NO_3~- reached 35.1μg/m~3(14.9%) and 55.0μg/m~3(22.9%),while they reached 14.4μg/m~3(9.3%) and 59.1μg/m~3(38.1%)in Episode 2(26th–27th October,2017).A modeling system was applied to apportion Beijing's SO_4~(2-) and NO_3~- in primary and secondary SO_4~(2-)/NO_3~- emitted from local and regional sources.Thus,secondary conversion contributions considering the local and regional level were defined.The former primarily focused on Beijing atmospheric oxidation ability and the latter mainly considered the existence form of Beijing SO_4~(2-)/NO_3~- under the regional transport impacts.Finally,secondary oxidation ratios were estimated through combining secondary conversion contribution coefficients for simulated and monitored concentrations.At regional level,sulfur oxidation ratios in polluted(clean)days during two sampling periods were0.57–0.72(0.07–0.52)and 0.74–0.80(0.08–0.61),nitrogen oxidation ratios were 0.20–0.29(0.05–0.15)and 0.34–0.38(0.02–0.29),indicating that atmospheric oxidation was enhanced when considering regional transport through 2014–2017.At the local level,sulfur oxidation ratios were 0.66–0.71(0.04–0.48)in haze(clean)days,while nitrogen oxidation ratios were0.16–0.29(0.02–0.16).The atmospheric oxidation ability markedly increased in PM_(2.5)pollution days,but changed only slightly between the two periods.     

南京市校园室内空气微生物特征

为调查南京市学校教室内空气微生物污染状况,本研究各选一所幼儿园、小学、初中和大学,每所学校分别随机选取10间教室,采用六级安德森采样器进行空气微生物采样.研究发现,在南京地区所调研的这4所不同类型的学校中,幼儿园室内空气微生物浓度最高,细菌和真菌浓度均值分别为605CFU/m³和648CFU/m³,均显著高于其余3所学校.室内细菌和真菌粒径分布趋同,峰值均出现在Ⅴ级（1.1~2.1μm）.仅在大学教室内,发现环境参数与空气微生物浓度存在显著相关性.幼儿园教室内学生每天吸入的细菌和真菌剂量分别为150.2CFU/kg和160.9CFU/kg,均显著高于其他学校学生.     

三峡库区澎溪河流域消落带土壤有机磷生物有效性研究

选取了澎溪河流域六个点位消落带土壤和岸边土壤,以NaOH-EDTA提取土壤中有机磷,并采用酶水解技术表征有机磷生物有效性。结果表明：①消落带土壤NaOH-EDTA提取液中总磷含量为74.55～140.54 mg/kg,无机磷含量为49.91～104.23 mg/kg,有机磷含量为14.61～36.31 mg/kg。消落带土壤有机磷含量低于岸边土壤。②消落带土壤有机磷中总可酶解有机磷（EHP）含量均值为6.23 mg/kg,占土壤有机磷含量的26.7%。消落带土壤EHP含量与有机磷含量呈极显著正相关（n=6,p<0.01）。③消落带土壤EHP含量、活性单酯磷含量与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关（n=6,p<0.01）,土壤有机质含量是影响有机磷生物有效性的重要因素。④消落带土壤与岸边土壤EHP组分特征相同,含量由高到低依次为类植酸磷、活性单酯磷、二酯磷,但消落带土壤EHP含量显著低于岸边土壤。周期性的干湿交替会造成消落带土壤有机磷向库区水体释放,消落带土壤有机磷地球化学循环对库区水体的潜在影响不容忽视。     

有机酸强化脱硫在喷射鼓泡反应器上实验研究

选取甲酸、乙酸、乙二酸和己二酸,在喷射鼓泡反应器上对有机酸强化脱硫过程进行了实验研究,测定了脱硫率η和△pH随时间t的变化规律,得出了η与t的回归式及η与pH值的关系规律,讨论了有机酸浓度C(与所加石灰石摩尔百分比)对CaCO3利用率α及脱硫率η的影响.实验表明,乙二酸无强化效果,甲酸、乙酸、己二酸强化效果较好,浓度C超过4%时,强化效果的提高已不明显.当浓度为C为4%时,η与α分别提高了5、4、11及8、6、16个百分点,可见有机酸能有效的提高脱硫率η和CaCO3利用率α,从而降低脱硫成本.     

南昌市湖泊水体中不同粒径胶体的三维荧光光谱特征研究

基于切向流超滤系统及三维荧光光谱(3D-EEM)技术,结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)及自组织映射神经网络(SOM),对南昌市典型湖泊水体中不同粒径胶体的荧光物质组分、来源及结构等进行分析.通过PARAFAC解谱发现,各粒径胶体主要由5种荧光组分组成,即类腐殖质组分(C1~C3)及类蛋白质组分(C4~C5).其中,类腐殖质组分主要集中在小分子量(1~10 k Da)胶体中,而类蛋白质组分则主要存在于大分子量(100 k Da~0.45μm)胶体中.同时,利用光谱指数(FI、BIX、HIX、UV254)表征胶体组分来源及其特性,结果表明,大分子量胶体以自生源为主,而小分子量胶体的腐殖化程度及芳香性更高,这与其较高比例的类腐殖质组分有关.经SOM训练,探讨了不同粒径分级胶体在SOM映射图中的分布情况,其结果与PARAFAC所得结果一致,即小分子量胶体及大分子量胶体主要分别映射于SOM的下部和上部,而类蛋白质荧光峰强度占总荧光强度的比例为自右上至左下方向递减.PARAFAC与SOM的有效结合,可为了解水体中的物质组成、掌握胶体在水环境中的环境行为及其与污染物在水体中的归趋作用提供数据支持.     

Cd胁迫下黄土施用污泥对小麦生长及Cd富集迁移的影响

为了能给污泥资源开发利用开辟新的途径,以黄土为供试土壤,小麦（Triticumaestivum L.）为供试作物。采用盆栽试验研究了泥在不同Cd胁迫黄土中对小麦生长的影响及其对小麦各部位Cd的富集迁移规律。试验设计2个污泥处理水平,每个塑料盆中加入8.0 kg供试土壤或污泥含量为4.0%的供试土壤,土壤中以Cd（NO3）2·4H2O溶液形式加入的Cd质量分数分别为0.5、1.0、2.5、5.0、10.0、25.0、50 mg·kg^-1,对应各处理为TS1-TS7。各胁迫水平均设置3个平行,同时设置对照TS0。结果表明,黄土中低水平的Cd胁迫可促进小麦的生长,且在Cd污染水平5.0 mg·kg^-1时施污泥和未施污泥土壤中小麦生物量均最大,而高水平的Cd胁迫抑制小麦的生长,且Cd胁迫水平越高,抑制作用越强烈;Cd胁迫下施用污泥可促进小麦的生长,尤其是茎叶和籽粒的生长;小麦各部位Cd的含量随土壤Cd处理水平的升高而增加且呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,各部位最大浓度分别可以达到：45.32、14.41、9.66 mg·kg^-1,且根系＞茎叶＞籽粒,污泥的施用能促进小麦对Cd的吸收;小麦各部位对Cd的富集能力均随着土壤Cd胁迫水平的升高而先增加后减小,污泥的施用在一定程度上提高了小麦对Cd的富集能力,各部位富集系数最大分值分别为1.81、0.93、0.51,但对Cd进入小麦根系后向茎叶和籽粒的迁移影响不显著。