Volatiles from the bark of trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx. (Salicaceae) disrupt secondary attraction by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Summary. Coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analysis of the Porapak Q-captured volatiles from the bark of trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx., revealed four compounds that consistently elicited antennal responses by mountain pine beetles (MPBs), Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins. One of these, 1-hexanol, disrupted the capture of MPBs in multiple-funnel traps baited with the aggregation pheromones trans-verbenol and exo-brevicomin and the host kairomone myrcene, a blend of semiochemicals that mediates the secondary attraction response in which beetles mass attack and kill living pines. The other three EAD-active aspen bark volatiles, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and nonanal, were inactive alone, but in binary and ternary combinations contributed to a disruptive effect in an additive and redundant manner when all four aspen bark volatiles were tested in all possible binary and ternary blends. The best ternary blend and the quarternary blend achieved ≥ 80% disruption. The quarternary blend enhanced the disruptive effect of the antiaggregation pheromone verbenone in traps, raising the disruptive effect to 98%, and also enhanced the inhibition of attack on attractant-baited lodgepole pines. This is the first demonstration of specific compounds from the bark of angiosperm trees that disrupt the secondary attraction response of sympatric coniferophagous bark beetles. The results support the hypothesis that such bark beetles are adapted to recognize and avoid non-host angiosperm trees by responding to a broad spectrum of volatiles that can act in various blends with equal effect. Received 27 October 1997; accepted 20 February 1998.     

提高TEOM数据准确性和有效率的方法

基于振荡天平法颗粒物自动监测仪器在实际应用中存在的问题,在分析其工作原理的基础上,提出了增加光散射组件的辅助方案。实测结果表明：两者结合可以提高仪器检测数据的准确性和有效率,增强仪器的稳定性和可靠性,使仪器更加"皮实耐用"。     

基于细胞自身特征的铜绿微囊藻比生长速率预测

生物量累积是水华形成前的一个重要过程,因此研究藻类生长速率的变化对于水华早期预警具有重要意义。通过控制P浓度和光照条件获得了不同的铜绿微囊藻生长性质,研究了细胞自身特征与比生长速率的变化关系。初步建立了基于细胞P含量、细胞碳水化合物含量和细胞体积的比生长速率预测耦合模型。     

Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a coking wastewater treatment plant residual by an O3/ultraviolet fluidized bed reactor

Coking wastewater treatment plant (CWWTP) represents a typical point source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to the water environment and threatens the safety of drinking water in downstream regions. To enhance the removal of residual PAHs from bio-treated coking wastewater, a pilot-scale O₃/ultraviolet (UV) fluidized bed reactor (O₃/UV FBR) was designed and different operating factors including UV irradiation intensity, pH, initial concentration, contact time, and hydraulic retention time (HRT) were investigated at an ozone level of 240 g h^?1 and 25?±?3 °C. A health risk evaluation and cost analysis were also carried out under the continuous-flow mode. As far as we know, this is the first time an O₃/UV FBR has been explored for PAHs treatment. The results indicated that between 41 and 75 % of 18 target PAHs were removed in O₃/UV FBR due to synergistic effects of UV irradiation. Both increased reaction time and increased pH were beneficial for the removal of PAHs. The degradation of the target PAHs within 8 h can be well fitted by the pseudo-first-order kinetics (R ²?>?0.920). The reaction rate was also positively correlated with the initial concentrations of PAHs. The health risk assessment showed that the total amount of carcinogenic substance exposure to surface water was reduced by 0.432 g day^?1. The economic analysis showed that the O₃/UV FBR was able to remove 18 target PAHs at a cost of US$0.34 m^?3. These results suggest that O₃/UV FBR is efficient in removing residuals from CWWTP, thus reducing the accumulation of persistent pollutant released to surface water.     

碳源对反硝化除磷效能及N_2O产生的长期影响

基于碳源对反硝化除磷效能以及N2O产生机制尚未明确的现状,采用厌氧/缺氧/好氧序批式反应器(An/A/O-SBR),考察了碳源(乙酸、丙酸和两者的混合酸(摩尔比为1∶1))对反硝化除磷效能和污泥形态的长期影响。结果发现,混合酸系统脱氮除磷效果最稳定,氮和磷平均去除率分别为67.7%和87.0%;而乙酸和丙酸系统较不稳定,氮和磷平均去除率分别为97.6%、51.0%和41.9%、100.0%。混合酸系统检测到明显的N2O释放,而乙酸和丙酸系统的N2O产率较低。     

焦化废水缓冲体系的存在证明与集水调节池中水质结构调控

采用FeSO4对焦化废水原水进行pH调节,发现焦化废水原水中存在酸碱缓冲体系,具有很强的酸碱缓冲能力.焦化废水原水pH值约为9.6时,HCO3-、CN-、HS-、S2-、NH3、C6H5O-和胺类等以共轭碱的形式存在,对应的缓冲容量较高;随着pH的降低,共轭碱所占比例逐渐减少,对应的弱酸分布分数逐渐增多,缓冲容量逐渐减小;当pH调节至中性时,pH与pKa值接近,共轭碱与弱酸的分布分数近似相等,废水的缓冲容量有升高的趋势.在调节pH的过程中,由于FeSO4的水解、沉淀与络合作用,在投加量为2.0 g.L-1,反应时间15 min时,焦化废水中的氰化物、硫化物、油分及COD的去除量分别为1.5 mg CN-.g-1、27.3 mg S2-.g-1、15 mg总油.g-1及504 mg COD.g-1,pH影响各种污染物的形态分布而实现水质结构的调控.     

考虑机组启停下含负荷侧调用的电力系统调度研究

为了解决新能源波动性导致电力系统调峰能力严重不足的问题,针对极端情况下负荷和新能源功率严重不匹配的情况下提出了一种考虑机组启停含负荷侧调用的电力系统调度方法,首先根据负荷和新能源功率相减拟合得到等效负荷,其次根据等效负荷和火电机组最大最小技术出力的关系确定火电机组的功率分配、负荷侧调用和机组启停情况,然后对比了不含机组启停、仅考虑机组启停和含负荷侧调用考虑机组启停调度方法下的限电成本、限电率和启停成本,最后通过仿真验证了本文调度方法的可行性。     

生态环境准入制度衔接成效、问题和优化建议

《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》实施二十年以来,生态环境分区管控、规划环评、项目环评等制度共同筑牢了生态环境准入的防线,但也出现了管理边界不清晰、管理成效体现不足、制度联动机制保障不健全等问题,本文通过剖析典型规划中生态环境分区管控、规划环评、项目环评三项制度各自发挥的作用,调研部分地区管理实践,提出优化生态环境准入制度的对策建议：一是生态环境分区管控应发挥宏观引领和维护国家生态环境稳定的作用,与国民经济社会发展规划、生态环境保护规划等指导性规划同步研究、同期发布;二是规划环评应进一步筑牢“承上启下”的核心作用,上收部分规划环评的审查权限,提升规划环评文件质量,强化环评要求落实情况监督;三是项目环评应在生态环境准入制度体系中进一步优化简化,对环境影响可控、环保措施成熟的建设项目,可推动项目环评和排污许可两证合一,进一步强化建设主体的责任意识,通过制度整合发挥管理效能。     

海洋环境对直升机基础产品腐蚀行为影响研究

目的 研究螺栓、卡箍等直升机基础产品在海洋大气环境下腐蚀和力学性能随时间的变化规律,采用结构模拟连接件,验证直升机防护体系对基础产品的防护效果。方法 通过将螺栓、卡箍和连接件在外场暴露不同时间,在此期间定期对试验件表面状态和力学性能进行测试,分析海洋环境对直升机基础差的影响和机上防护方法的可靠性。结果 经过2a腐蚀后,螺栓表面发生了明显的腐蚀,但是腐蚀深度不大,抗拉强度维持在18.3 MPa,剪切强度从27.99 MPa下降到26.52 MPa。卡箍发生了腐蚀,橡胶材料老化严重,推出力降低80%,基本丧失锁紧性能。有涂层保护的典型连接件,表面厚度为66 mm,色差为0.3,光泽度变化1%,各项参数与未暴露时相比变化不大。结论 在海洋大气环境下,螺栓、卡箍等在未采取防护措施的情况下不建议使用,机上采用的防护措施有效,可对基体起到很好的保护作用。