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991.
A spore germination-based concept and its transformation into a field level prototype for monitoring aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk was developed. Initially, 15 strains of Bacillus spp. procured from different culture collection were screened for AFM1 sensitivity using spot assay and marker strain showing inhibition at 0.5 ppb was selected based upon maximum zone of inhibition. The selected strain B. megaterium 2949 was further screened for different enzymes activities and subsequently its spores were produced to an extent of 73.13% ± 3.197% in newly developed sporulation medium containing beef extract (0.0075% ± 0.0004%), yeast extract (0.015% ± 0.001%), peptone (0.0375% ± 0.0016%), and sodium chloride (0.0375% ± 0.0018%). A spore germination-based concept/ assay was optimized by immobilizing spores in eppendorf with pretreated milk (80°C/15 min) containing germinant and chromogenic substrate followed by incubation at 37°C. The appearance of sky blue color within real time of 45 min indicated spores germination and release of specific marker enzyme such as acetyl esterase and its specific action on chromogenic substrate which demonstrates absence of AFM1 in milk. However, if there was no color change, presence of AFM1 at 0.5 ppb MRL was denoted by Codex. The developed concept on AFM1 detection was validated and a correlation of 0.97 was established with AOAC approved Charm 6602 and ELISA at Codex MRL with minimal false positive and negative results. The cost effective test has potential application in dairy farms, manufacturing, and R&D units for routine monitoring of AFM1 in milk. 相似文献
992.
In this presentation the results of an environmental study of New Karvali bay, in Kavala Gulf, North Greece, are announced. In the studied bay the main industrial activity is a Factory of Chemical Fertilizers (FCF) and its wastes have been discharged, practically without any treatment, to the sea. The study has shown that the concentrations of phosphates and nitrates in the area around the place of the waste ejection from the factory are relatively high. Other remarkable points of the study are the presence of fluoride anions in higher level than normal and the low concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Zn). 相似文献
993.
The dissipation pattern of the chlorophenoxy herbicides (2,4‐D and 2,4,5‐T) residues in sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L.) has been studied along with its effect on the changes of plant pigments (chlorophyll‐a,b, total chlorophyll, carotene and anthocyanin), sugar and starch in different parts of the plant. The residues of 2,4‐D and 2,4,5‐T remained for larger period of time (10 days) at higher concentrations than the lower concentration. The concentrations of chlorophylls and carotene were found to be reduced with the application of both 2,4‐D and 2,4,5‐T. But the chlorophyll concentrations were slowly normalized accompanied with the reduction of the herbicide residues. For anthocyanin, there was no significant effect. In case of carbohydrate, the sugar concentration was found to be raised by all doses in leaf and stem. The change in starch content in different plant parts did not follow an uniform pattern at different doses of herbicides. 相似文献
994.
The photolysis of Phorate(I) (0,0‐diethyl S‐ethyl thiomethyl phosphordithioate) has been studied as a thin film on a glass surface and in a solution of methanol‐water (60:40) by ultraviolet light (λ > 290 nm). The rate of disappearance of Phorate in the solution show first order Kinetics with a rate constant of 4.9 × 10–5 S –1. The half‐life of (I) exposed on a glass surface is found to be 5 hours. The structure of the major photoproducts were characterised by 1H NMR and mass spectroscopy. 相似文献
995.
Fertilizer Management in Watersheds of Two Ramsar Wetlands and Effects on Quality of Inflowing Water
Two field experiments were carried out in the watersheds of two Ramsar wetland areas, Lakes Koronia and Volvi (area A) and
Lakes Mikri and Megali Prespa (area B), to study the effect of application of N fertilizer on wheat yields, the quality of
runoff water, and the quality of stream water. The treatments were a combination of two methods of fertilizer application
(total amount in fall, and 2/3 in fall + 1/3 in spring) at three rates (0, 100, and 200 kg N/ha) with four replications. Concentrations
of NH4
+, NO3
−, NO2
−, P, and Cl− and pH were determined in all water samples. Runoff water quality was not influenced by fertilizer application in either
area. Chemical parameters for water did not differ along the selected watercourses in area B, while in area A they were higher
in the samples taken near Lake Koronia than in the samples taken upstream, indicating that the watercourses are polluted downstream
by nonagricultural sources. The differences in wheat yields between the 100 and 200 kg N/ha application rates were not high.
These results call for better fertilizer management in order to achieve better yields and to diminish the possibility to have
negative effects to the environment. 相似文献
996.
Steven W. Effler Rakesh K. Gelda Mary Gail Perkins David M. O'Donnell 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2005,41(4):971-984
The development, testing, and application of a probabilistic model framework for the light attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance (Kd) and Secchi disc transparency (SD) that resolves the effects of several light attenuating constituents, including phytoplankton and nonliving particles (tripton), is documented. The model is consistent with optical theory, partitioning the magnitudes of the light attenuating processes of absorption and scattering according to the contributions of attenuating constituents as simple summations. The probabilistic framework accommodates variations in the character and concentrations of these constituents and ambient conditions during measurements, and recognizes a linear relationship between the magnitudes of absorption and scattering by tripton. The model is tested and applied for a 21 km reach of the Seneca River, New York, that features optical gradients caused by an intervening hypereutrophic lake and dam, and a severe infestation of the exotic zebra mussel. The model is applied to resolve the roles of phytoplankton and tripton in regulating measured longitudinal patterns of SD along the study reach of the river and increases in SD since the zebra mussel invasion, and to predict decreases in Kd since the invasion. 相似文献
997.
ABSTRACT: Indigenous bacterial populations from a fresh water reservoir were treated by adding five mg/1 Sevin or Malathion to the water at 23, 28, and 33 C. The degradation of Sevin was evidenced by the increased uptake of O2 as measured by Warburg manometry. The principal degradation product of Sevin, 1-naphthol, appeared to stimulate metabolic activity of these populations to the same extent as the parent compound. The addition of Malathion to this system appeared, on the other hand, to suppress metabolic activity to some degree. Warburg manometry was shown to be a useful, rapid method for detecting effects of insecticides on aquatic microbial populations. 相似文献
998.
ABSTRACT: As part of a basinwide water-quality study, nitrogen and phosphorus data for the Upper Colorado River Basin from the Colorado-Utah State line to the Continental Divide were analyzed for spatial distributions, concentrations associated with various land uses, and temporal trends. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations generally increased in a downstream direction. Some nutrient concentrations were elevated at some sites in the upper parts of the basin in areas influenced by increasing urbanization. Sites were grouped according to land use and site type, and median nutrient concentrations were compared among groups. Sites within the agricultural areas of the basin generally had the highest concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus; concentrations for main-stem, tributary, and urbanization sites were slightly lower than for the agricultural sites. Background sites, or sites with minimal land-use impacts, had very low median nutrient concentrations. Several sites with long-term data were analyzed for temporal trends in concentrations. Several statistically significant downward trends of low and moderate magnitude were observed for nitrogen and phosphorus species. No upward trends were observed in the data at any site. 相似文献
999.
E. Lamla F. Boschke G. Traving G. Pfotzer H. Wolter W. Walcher H. D. Dahmen H. J. Queisser W. W. Klingbeil K. Beyermann O. Müller R. R. Ernst D. Reinen H. Muth W. Becker G. Wunsch G. I. Distler L. Jaenicke H. G. v. Schnering H. Werner F. Reiff H. Schimassek W. Höll H. K. Vasil W. F. Angermeier W. Ruppel J. C. Eccles G. Spiteller H. Oettel W. Vogell P. Brosche K. J. Hsü H. -U. Schmincke 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1975,62(3):143-143
1000.
Satinder K. Brar Mausam Verma R.D. Tyagi R.Y. Surampalli 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2010,30(3):504-520
Nanotechnology has widespread application in agricultural, environmental and industrial sectors ranging from fabrication of molecular assemblies to microbial array chips. Despite the booming application of nanotechnology, there have been serious implications which are coming into light in the recent years within different environmental compartments, namely air, water and soil and its likely impact on the human health. Health and environmental effects of common metals and materials are well-known, however, when the metals and materials take the form of nanoparticles – consequential hazards based on shape and size are yet to be explored. The nanoparticles released from different nanomaterials used in our household and industrial commodities find their way through waste disposal routes into the wastewater treatment facilities and end up in wastewater sludge. Further escape of these nanoparticles into the effluent will contaminate the aquatic and soil environment. Hence, an understanding of the presence, behavior and impact of these nanoparticles in wastewater and wastewater sludge is necessary and timely. Despite the lack of sufficient literature, the present review attempts to link various compartmentalization aspects of the nanoparticles, their physical properties and toxicity in wastewater and wastewater sludge through simile drawn from other environmental streams. 相似文献