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The biological stabilization process of cattle and poultry manure was studied using thermogravimetric analysis and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance. The stabilization processes carried out were composting, anaerobic digestion and a mixed process (partly aerobic, partly anaerobic). It was observed from the analyzed samples that the biological stabilization processes reduce the volatile content of the bio-wastes and increase the degree of aromaticity. The stabilization of cattle manure by means of aerobic processes was able to further oxidize and enriched in aromatic compounds the bio-waste when compared with the digestion process. On the other hand, the stabilization of poultry manure resulted in a greater aromatization under the digestion process. Stabilized samples with a high degree of aromaticity presented a lower volatile content accompanied by a reduction in the intensity of the differential thermogravimetry peak registered under an inert atmosphere, indicative of the thermal decomposition of the organic matter. The thermal decomposition of all the analyzed materials (fresh and stabilized samples) commenced at around 200 degrees C but for the digested poultry manure, which decomposition initiated close to 250 degrees C. All stabilized samples yielded a lower degree of volatilization to that one observed in fresh samples. 相似文献
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Recent developments in wastewater treatment are resulting in the production of substantial amounts of chemically [Ca(OH)2 and Al2(SO4)3·H2O] treated sludges in need of further treatment before disposal. Although a seemingly suitable method, an unfavorable pH and low volatile solids content constitute serious problems for composting. Hence, an investigation was made of the feasibility of window composting Ca(OH)2 (lime) precipitated sludge (approximately 25% solids) when mixed with a bulking agent. Bulking agents tried were the paper fraction of municipal refuse and chipped tree and shrub trimmings. Both bulking agents were tried in their raw and in their composted states. Initial mixing was by way of a specially designed hammermill, and subsequent mixing was done manually. Compostability was measured by rate and extent of the temperature rise and fall and by destruction of volatile solids. According to the results, lime exerted no inhibitory influence on the composting process. However, the high ratio of biologically inert material to volatile solids resulted in a shortage of nutrients for the bacteria. Consequently, temperatures attained were neither sufficiently high nor of long enough duration to ensure the pathogen destruction required for public health safety. 相似文献
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Clarifying values,risk perceptions,and attitudes to resolve or avoid social conflicts in invasive species management
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Rodrigo A. Estévez Christopher B. Anderson J. Cristobal Pizarro Mark A. Burgman 《Conservation biology》2015,29(1):19-30
Decision makers and researchers recognize the need to effectively confront the social dimensions and conflicts inherent to invasive species research and management. Yet, despite numerous contentious situations that have arisen, no systematic evaluation of the literature has examined the commonalities in the patterns and types of these emergent social issues. Using social and ecological keywords, we reviewed trends in the social dimensions of invasive species research and management and the sources and potential solutions to problems and conflicts that arise around invasive species. We integrated components of cognitive hierarchy theory and risk perceptions theory to provide a conceptual framework to identify, distinguish, and provide understanding of the driving factors underlying disputes associated with invasive species. In the ISI Web of Science database, we found 15,915 peer‐reviewed publications on biological invasions, 124 of which included social dimensions of this phenomenon. Of these 124, 28 studies described specific contentious situations. Social approaches to biological invasions have emerged largely in the last decade and have focused on both environmental social sciences and resource management. Despite being distributed in a range of journals, these 124 articles were concentrated mostly in ecology and conservation‐oriented outlets. We found that conflicts surrounding invasive species arose based largely on differences in value systems and to a lesser extent stakeholder and decision maker's risk perceptions. To confront or avoid such situations, we suggest integrating the plurality of environmental values into invasive species research and management via structured decision making techniques, which enhance effective risk communication that promotes trust and confidence between stakeholders and decision makers. Clarificar los Valores, Percepciones de Riesgo y Actitudes para Resolver o Evitar Conflictos Sociales en el Manejo de Especies Invasoras 相似文献
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Daniela Diaz Jared Church Mikaeel Young Keug Tae Kim Jungsu Park Yun Bin Hwang Swadeshmukul Santr Woo Hyoung Lee 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2019,31(8):213-224
Intensification of pollution loading worldwide has promoted an escalation of different types of disease-causing microorganisms, such as harmful algal blooms(HABs), instigating detrimental impacts on the quality of receiving surface waters. Formation of unwanted disinfection by-products(DBPs) resulting from conventional disinfection technologies reveals the need for the development of new sustainable alternatives. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds(QACs) are cationic surfactants widely known for their effective biocidal properties at the ppm level. In this study, a novel silica-based antimicrobial nanofilm was developed using a composite of silica-modified QAC(Fixed-Quat) and applied to a fiberglass mesh as an active surface via sol–gel technique. The synthesized Fixed-Quat nanocoating was found to be effective against E. coli with an inactivation rate of 1.3 × 10~(-3) log reduction/cm min. The Fixed-Quat coated fiberglass mesh also demonstrated successful control of Microcystis aeruginosa with more than 99% inactivation after 10 hr of exposure.The developed antimicrobial mesh was also evaluated with wild-type microalgal species collected in a water body experiencing HABs, obtaining a 97% removal efficiency. Overall,the silica-functionalized Fixed-Quat nanocoating showed promising antimicrobial properties for water disinfection and HABs control, while decreasing concerns related to DBPs formation and the possible release of toxic nanomaterials into the environment. 相似文献
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Eakin H Bojórquez-Tapia LA Monterde Diaz R Castellanos E Haggar J 《Environmental management》2011,47(3):352-367
Communities who rely directly on the natural environment for their survival typically have developed risk management strategies
to enable them to avoid dangerous thresholds of change to their livelihoods. Development policy appropriate for natural resource-based
communities requires an understanding of the primary drivers of social-ecological change, the ways in which affected households
autonomously respond to such drivers, and the appropriate avenues for intervention to reduce vulnerability. Coffee has been,
and still remains, one of the most important commodities of the Mesoamerican region, and hundreds of thousands of smallholder
households in the region are dependent in some way on the coffee industry for their livelihood stability. We used the Analytical
Network Process to synthesize expert knowledge on the primary drivers of livelihood change in the region as well as the most
common household strategies and associated capacities necessary for effective response. The assessment identified both gradual
systemic processes as well as specific environmental and market shocks as significant drivers of livelihood change across
the region. Agronomic adjustments and new forms of social organization were among the more significant responses of farmers
to these changes. The assessment indicates that public interventions in support of adaptation should focus on enhancing farmers’
access to market and technical information and finance, as well as on increasing the viability of farmers’ organizations and
cooperatives. 相似文献