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121.
The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of a new method to improve the accuracy in the estimation of sewage
components. Adding to the regression of sewage components with UV (ultraviolet) absorbance values, a proposed method considered
an unclear but existing relationship among characteristic of sewage production. Sewage production showed very defined profiles
due to the daily human activities. So the main idea was the combination of measuring the UV absorbance values and analyzing
the characteristics of the sewage production. For this purpose, 446 sewage samples taken at every 2-h interval for 51 days
at a wastewater treatment plant were statistically analyzed using neural network (NN). NN was trained with 350 data sets (about
29 days) of UV absorbance values, flow rate and time. And as a result, it could predict 96 data (12 days) as a validation,
indicating that estimation accuracies were improved to higher level than those of the linear regressions. The proposed method
could estimate concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphate (TP) within practical accuracies as well as total
suspended solid. 相似文献
122.
The oxidation characteristics of NO over Pt/TiO2 (anatase, rutile) catalysts have been determined in a fixed bed reactor as a function of O2, CO and SO2 concentrations in the presence of 8% water. The conversion of NO to NO2 increases with increasing O2 concentration up to 12% and it levels off. This saturation effect is more pronounced over rutile-Pt/TiO2 (r-Pt/TiO2) than that of anatase-Pt/TiO2 (a-Pt/TiO2). The presence of CO increases NO oxidation significantly and this enhanced effect is more pronounced on a-Pt/TiO2 than that on r-Pt/TiO2 with increasing CO concentration at lower temperatures. The same effect is also observed on the catalysts with different Pt and tungsten oxide (WO3) loadings. With increasing Pt and WO3 loadings on TiO2 support (Pt-WO3/TiO2), formation of NO2 is high even at lower temperatures. The presence of SO2 significantly suppresses the oxidation of NO over both r-Pt/TiO2 and a-Pt/TiO2 catalysts but it is less pronounced due to low stability of sulfate on a-Pt/TiO2. 相似文献
123.
The Korean government recently proposed expanding the number of soil-quality standards to 30 by 2015. The objectives of our
study were to construct a reasonable protocol for screening priority soil contaminants for inclusion in the planned soil quality
standard expansion. The chemical ranking system of soil pollution substances (CROSS) was first developed to serve as an analytical
tool in chemical scoring and ranking of possible soil pollution substances. CROSS incorporates important parameters commonly
used in several previous chemical ranking and scoring systems and the new soil pollution parameters. CROSS uses soil-related
parameters in its algorithm, including information related to the soil environment, such as soil ecotoxicological data, the
soil toxic release inventory (TRI), and soil partitioning coefficients. Soil TRI and monitoring data were incorporated as
local specific parameters. In addition, CROSS scores the transportability of chemicals in soil because soil contamination
may result in groundwater contamination. Dermal toxicity was used in CROSS only to consider contact with soil. CROSS uses
a certainty score to incorporate data uncertainty. CROSS scores the importance of each candidate substance and assigns rankings
on the basis of total scores. Cadmium was the most highly ranked. Generally, metals were ranked higher than other substances.
Pentachlorophenol, phenol, dieldrin, and methyl tert-butyl ether were ranked the highest among chlorinated compounds, aromatic
compounds, pesticides, and others, respectively. The priority substance list generated from CROSS will be used in selecting
substances for possible inclusion in the Korean soil quality standard expansion; it will also provide important information
for designing a soil-environment management scheme. 相似文献
124.
Seung-Woo Jeong Youn-Joo An 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(1):141-147
This study suggested the first Korean site-specific ecological surface water quality criteria for the protection of ecosystems near an artillery range at a Korean military training facility. Surface water quality (SWQ) criteria in Korea address human health protection but do not encompass ecological criteria such as limits for metals and explosives. The first objective of this study was to derive site-specific SWQ criteria for the protection of aquatic ecosystems in Hantan River, Korea. The second objective was to establish discharge criteria for the artillery range to protect the aquatic ecosystems of Hantan River. In this study, we first identified aquatic organisms living in the Hantan River, including fishes, reptiles, invertebrates, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and amphibians. Second, we collected ecotoxicity data for these aquatic organisms and constructed an ecotoxicity database for Cd, Cu, Zn, TNT, and RDX. This study determined the ecological maximum permissible concentrations for metals and explosives based on the ecotoxicity database and suggested ecological surface water quality criteria for the Hantan River by considering analytical detection limits. Discharge limit criteria for the shooting range were determined based on the ecological surface water quality criteria suggested for Hantan River with further consideration of the dilution of the contaminants discharged into the river. 相似文献
125.
Water quality guidelines for chemicals: learning lessons to deliver meaningful environmental metrics
Graham Merrington Youn-Joo An Eric P. M. Grist Seung-Woo Jeong Chuthamat Rattikansukha Susan Roe Uwe Schneider Suthipong Sthiannopkao Glenn W. Suter II Rick Van Dam Patrick Van Sprang Ju-Ying Wang Michael St. J. Warne Paul T. Yillia Xiao-Wei Zhang Kenneth M. Y. Leung 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(1):6-16
Many jurisdictions around the globe have well-developed regulatory frameworks for the derivation and implementation of water quality guidelines (WQGs) or their equivalent (e.g. environmental quality standards, criteria, objectives or limits). However, a great many more still do not have such frameworks and are looking to introduce practical methods to manage chemical exposures in aquatic ecosystems. There is a potential opportunity for learning and sharing of data and information between experts from different jurisdictions in order to deliver efficient and effective methods to manage potential aquatic risks, including the considerable reduction in the need for aquatic toxicity testing and the rapid identification of common challenges. This paper reports the outputs of an international workshop with representatives from 14 countries held in Hong Kong in December 2011. The aim of the workshop and this paper was to identify ‘good practice’ in the development of WQGs to deliver to a range of environmental management goals. However, it is important to broaden this consideration to cover often overlooked facets of implementable WQGs, such as demonstrable field validation (i.e. does the WQG protect what it is supposed to?), fit for purpose of monitoring frameworks (often an on-going cost) and finally how are these monitoring data used to support management decisions in a manner that is transparent and understandable to stakeholders. It is clear that regulators and the regulated community have numerous pressures and constraints on their resources. Therefore, the final section of this paper addresses potential areas of collaboration and harmonisation. Such approaches could deliver a consistent foundation from which to assess potential chemical aquatic risks, including, for example, the adoption of bioavailability-based approaches for metals, whilst reducing administrative and technical burdens in jurisdictions. 相似文献
126.
Oh T Kim M Lim J Kang O Shetty KV SankaraRao B Yoo C Park JH Kim JT 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2012,62(5):517-526
Subway systems are considered as main public transportation facility in developed countries. Time spent by people in indoors, such as underground spaces, subway stations, and indoor buildings, has gradually increased in the recent past. Especially, operators or old persons who stay in indoor environments more than 15 hr per day usually influenced a greater extent by indoor air pollutants. Hence, regulations on indoor air pollutants are needed to ensure good health of people. Therefore, in this study, a new cumulative calculation method for the estimation of total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted inside the subway station is proposed by taking cumulative amounts of indoor air pollutants based on integration concept. Minimum concentration of individual air pollutants which naturally exist in indoor space is referred as base concentration of air pollutants and can be found from the data collected. After subtracting the value of base concentration from data point of each data set of indoor air pollutant, the primary quantity of emitted air pollutant is calculated. After integration is carried out with these values, adding the base concentration to the integration quantity gives the total amount of indoor air pollutant emitted. Moreover the values of new index for cumulative indoor air quality obtained for 1 day are calculated using the values of cumulative air quality index (CAI). Cumulative comprehensive indoor air quality index (CCIAI) is also proposed to compare the values of cumulative concentrations of indoor air pollutants. From the results, it is clear that the cumulative assessment approach of indoor air quality (IAQ) is useful for monitoring the values of total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted, in case of exposure to indoor air pollutants for a long time. Also, the values of CCIAI are influenced more by the values of concentration of NO2, which is released due to the use of air conditioners and combustion of the fuel. The results obtained in this study confirm that the proposed method can be applied to monitor total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted, inside apartments and hospitals as well. Implications: Nowadays, subway systems are considered as main public transportation facility in developed countries. Time spent by people in indoors, such as underground spaces, subway stations, and indoor buildings, has gradually increased in the recent past. Especially, operators or old persons who stay in the indoor environments more than 15 hr per day usually influenced a greater extent by indoor air pollutants. Hence, regulations on indoor air pollutants are needed to ensure good health of people. Therefore, this paper presents a new methodology for monitoring and assessing total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted inside underground spaces and subway stations. A new methodology for the calculation of cumulative amounts of indoor air pollutants based on integration concept is proposed. The results suggest that the cumulative assessment approach of IAQ is useful for monitoring the values of total amounts of indoor air pollutants, if indoor air pollutants accumulated for a long time, especially NO2 pollutants. The results obtained here confirm that the proposed method can be applied to monitor total amounts of indoor air pollutants emitted, inside apartments and hospitals as well. 相似文献
127.
The present study investigates the performance of the zero valent iron (ZVI, Fe0) packed bed bipolar electrolytic cell for nitrate removal. The packing mixture consists of ZVI as electronically conducting material and silica sand as non-conducting material between main cathode and anode electrodes. In the continuous column experiments for the simulated groundwater (initial nitrate and electrical conductivity of about 30 mg L−1 as N and 300 μS cm−1, respectively), above 99% of nitrate was removed at the applied potential of 600 V with the main anode placed on the bottom of reactor. The influx nitrate was converted to ammonia (20% to maximum 60%) and nitrite (always less than 0.5 mg L−1 as N in the effluent). The optimum packing ratio (v/v) of silica sand to ZVI was found to be 1:1-2:1. Magnetite was observed on the surface of the used ZVI as corrosion product. The reduction at the lower part of the reactor in acidic condition and adsorption at the upper part of the reactor in alkaline condition are the major mechanism of nitrate removal. 相似文献
128.
Shin Soon Bum Lee Ji Hee Lim Chi Won Son Kwang Tae Jeong Sang Hyeon 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2019,26(6):5601-5612
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Fecal source tracking of the Bong stream, a representative inland pollutant around the drainage basin of Gangjin Bay (an area where shellfish are... 相似文献
129.
Cayetano MG Kim YJ Jung JS Batmunkh T Lee KY Kim SY Kim KC Kim DG Lee SJ Kim JS Chang LS 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2011,61(11):1192-1203
Deokjeok Island is located off the west coast of the Korean Peninsula and is a suitable place to monitor the long-range transport of air pollutants from the Asian continent. In addition to pollutants, Asian dust particles are also transported to the island during long-range transport events. Episodic transport of dust and secondary particles was observed during intensive measurements in the spring (March 31-April 11) and fall (October 13-26) of 2009. In this study, the chemical characteristics of long-range-transported particles were investigated based on highly time-resolved ionic measurements with a particle-into-liquid system coupled with an online ion chromatograph (PILS-IC) that simultaneously measures concentrations of cations (Li+, Na , NH4+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (F-, C1-, NO3-, SO42-). The aerosol optical thickness (AOT) distribution retrieved by the modified Bremen Aerosol Retrieval (M-BAER) algorithm from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data confirmed the presence of a thick aerosol plume coming from the Asian continent towards the Korean peninsula. Seven distinctive events involving the long-range transport (LRT) of aerosols were identified and studied, the chemical components of which were strongly related to sector sources. Enrichment of acidic secondary aerosols on mineral dust particles, and even of sea-salt components, during transport was observed in this study. Backward trajectory, chemical analyses, and satellite aerosol retrievals identified two distinct events: a distinctively high [Ca2++Mg2]/[Na+] ratio (>2.0), which was indicative of a preprocessed mineral dust transport event, and a low [Ca2++Mg2+]/[Na+] ratio (<2.0), which was indicative of severe aging of sea-salt components on the processed dust particles. Particulate C1- was depleted by up to 85% in spring and 50% in the fall. A consistent fraction of carbonate replacement (FCR) averaged 0.53 in spring and 0.55 in the fall. Supporting evidences of C1- enrichment on the marine boundary layer prior to a dust front were also found. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of the Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association for sector and air mass classifications of clean and LRT cases. 相似文献
130.