Correlation analysis of major control factors for the formation and stabilization of aerobic granule

In recent years, aerobic granular sludge technology has demonstrated significant advantages in areas such as the sludge–water separation, residual sludge minimization, simultaneous biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal, and toxic organic compounds degradation in biological wastewater treatment. However, the critical control factors and their relation during sludge granulation have not been revealed indeed, and the stability of aerobic granular sludge is still not good. The Gray’s correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship of aerobic granular characteristics and control factors in the study. Results showed that the organic loading rate, hydraulic shear stress, and sludge settling time were the major factors affecting the aerobic sludge granulation, and the associated regulating strategy was important for the stabilization of granular sludge system. Based on above results, the mechanism of aerobic sludge granulation was proposed, and it was expected to favor the application of aerobic granular sludge technology.     

Visible-light-induced photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) with coupled Bi2O3/TiO2 photocatalyst and the synergistic bisphenol A oxidation

Coupled Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ photocatalysts were fabricated by sol–gel and hydrothermal methods and characterized using various spectroscopy techniques. Photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) in aqueous solution, together with the synergistic effect of photodegradation of bisphenol A (BPA), was investigated using these coupled Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ under visible-light irradiation. Coupling of Bi₂O₃ inhibited the phase transformation from anatase to rutile and extended absorption region to visible light. Bi ions did not enter TiO₂ lattice and were more likely to bond with oxygen atoms to form Bi₂O₃ on the surface of TiO₂. Photovoltage signals in visible range revealed the effective interfacial charge transfer between Bi₂O₃ and TiO₂. Two percent Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity of visible-light-induced reduction of Cr(VI). The addition of BPA effectively increased the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI). Simultaneously, the presence of Cr(VI) promoted the degradation of BPA, which was demonstrated by the investigation of TOC removal yield and generated intermediates. A possible mechanism of photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) and degradation of BPA in Bi₂O₃/TiO₂ system was proposed. The synergistic effect, observed between reduction of Cr(VI) and degradation of BPA, provides beneficial method for environmental remediation and purification of the complex wastewater.     

Impacts of simulated acid rain on recalcitrance of two different soils

Laboratory experiments were conducted to estimate the impacts of simulated acid rain (SAR) on recalcitrance in a Plinthudult and a Paleudalfs soil in south China, which were a variable and a permanent charge soil, respectively. Simulated acid rains were prepared at pH 2.0, 3.5, 5.0, and 6.0, by additions of different volumes of H₂SO₄ plus HNO₃ at a ratio of 6 to 1. The leaching period was designed to represent 5 years of local annual rainfall (1,200 mm) with a 33 % surface runoff loss. Both soils underwent both acidification stages of (1) cation exchange and (2) mineral weathering at SAR pH?2.0, whereas only cation exchange occurred above SAR pH?3.5, i.e., weathering did not commence. The cation exchange stage was more easily changed into that of mineral weathering in the Plinthudult than in the Paleudalfs soil, and there were some K⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions released on the stages of mineral weathering in the Paleudalfs soil. During the leaching, the release of exchangeable base cations followed the order Ca²⁺?>?K⁺?>?Mg²⁺?>?Na⁺ for the Plinthudult and Ca²⁺?>?Mg²⁺?>?Na⁺?>?K⁺ for the Paleudalfs soil. The SARs above pH?3.5 did not decrease soil pH or pH buffering capacity, while the SAR at pH?2.0 decreased soil pH and the buffering capacity significantly. We conclude that acid rain, which always has a pH from 3.5 to 5.6, only makes a small contribution to the acidification of agricultural soils of south China in the short term of 5 years. Also, Paleudalfs soils are more resistant to acid rain than Plinthudult soils. The different abilities to prevent leaching by acid rain depend upon the parent materials, types of clay minerals, and soil development degrees.     

剩余污泥中微生物絮凝剂的提取方法比较

分别采用低浓度和高浓度剩余污泥对剩余污泥中微生物絮凝剂(MBF)的多种提取方法(超声法、树脂法、超声-树脂法、树脂-超声法、超声-树脂-超声法和树脂-超声-树脂法等)进行了比较研究.结果表明,各种复合形式的提取效果均优于超声法或树脂法单独使用的提取效果.在各种复合形式中,以树脂-超声法所提取MBF的含量最高且絮凝效果最好.此外,所提取的MBF浓度与污泥浓度正相关.从剩余污泥中直接提取MBF,在降低MBF生产成本的同时实现了污泥的资源化利用.     

黄孢原毛平革菌处理果胶废水

实验研究了菌体接种量、氮源、氮源浓度、温度和pH等不同因素条件下,黄孢原毛平革菌对果胶废水中果胶和COD去除效率的影响。结果表明,接种量为10 g/L时,黄孢原毛平革菌对果胶和COD的去除率最高,分别为96%和83%。酒石酸铵为黄孢原毛平革菌处理果胶废水的最佳氮源,其最佳浓度为0.8 g/L,在此条件下,菌体对果胶和COD的去除率分别为96%和84%。废水温度为25~35℃,废水pH值为4~5时,黄孢原毛平革菌对果胶废水中果胶和COD的去除效率分别可达95%及80%以上。黄孢原毛平革菌处理果胶废水的研究结果可为实际废水处理工程技术工艺的设计提供参考价值和指导意义。     

藻类吸附剂对六价铬的吸附特性

以浮游藻类制成的生物吸附剂为对象,研究了不同液相起始pH、吸附剂用量Cm和不同吸附时间t等因素对生物吸附剂吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响,并进行了热力学分析和对吸附前后藻类吸附剂进行了FTIR分析。结果表明,最佳吸附条件为:在起始pH=1.0,吸附剂用量Cm=6.0 g/L,吸附时间t=180 min,吸附温度T=30℃时吸附效率达到了92.10%;藻类吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附能很好地符合Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型,在实验的温度范围内,ΔG0均为负值,说明实验条件下藻类吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附反应能够自发进行;红外图谱显示在1 261~1 537 cm-1和1 034~1 053 cm-1区域峰发生了明显变化,说明其为细胞上的多糖、蛋白质等成分更多地参与了对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程。由此可见,利用中水里生长的藻类制成生物吸附剂,吸附Cr(Ⅵ)具有可行性,吸附速率较高,吸附平衡时间较快。     

包埋氨氧化细菌处理合成氨工业废水

以聚乙烯醇与海藻酸钠为载体,包埋固定氨氧化细菌(AOB),研究温度、DO、初始游离氨(FA)、有机物等影响因素对其短程硝化稳定性的影响。结果表明,25~30℃时载体中氨氧化细菌占优势;DO宜控制在4.0~5.5 mg/L之间,既能满足细菌生长所需,又不至过度曝气,造成载体间的摩擦增大,减少其使用寿命;载体耐氨氮负荷能力强,同时可以抵御有机物对氨氧化细菌的伤害;当初始FA>6.5 mg/L时,氨氧化细菌的活性将受到抑制;富集氨氧化细菌的污泥包埋后氨氮去除率降低了7.5%;包埋载体在确保短程硝化作用的同时,在内部形成的缺氧区可实现反硝化脱氮,提高了系统氨氮的处理能力。     

山羊粪污颗粒静态好氧堆肥过程的生物强化

对山羊粪便颗粒进行了理化表征,发现其外表致密内芯多孔的结构特点,且其总体C/N比为25.69~27.88,适合直接堆肥,提出采用生物接种破坏表层,强化堆肥进程的思路。研究结果表明,生物接种可以大大强化堆肥过程中的生化反应进程,缩短堆肥发酵周期。产物中N、P含量随着生物接种量的增加而增大。当以VT-1000菌剂按10 mL/kg干物质接种时,堆体温度在2 d内就达到50℃,在高温期50~60℃维持7 d以上,其堆肥腐熟后物料TN、TP分别增加0.70%和1.59%,其C/N<15,更趋于稳定化,且最终产物中粪大肠菌群数<3个/g,未检验出蛔虫卵,实现了无害化处理。     

Effects of bromide and iodide ions on the formation of disinfection by-products during ozonation and subsequent chlorination of water containing biological source matters

This study aims to investigate the influence of the coexistence of halogen ions (bromide/iodide) and biological source matters on the speciation and yield of trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) during the ozonation and subsequent chlorination of water. The results show that the concentrations of brominated THMs and iodinated THMs increased with increasing bromide and iodide concentration. These results may be attributed to the higher reactivity of hypobromous acid and hypoiodous acid generated from the ozonation and subsequent chlorination in the presence of bromide or iodide ions. The presence of bromide increased the species of brominated HAAs. There was a shift from chlorinated HAAs to brominated HAAs after increasing the concentration of bromide. The effect of iodide on HAA formation was more complex than bromide. For most samples, the concentration of total HAAs (T-HAAs) increased to the maximum and then decreased with increasing iodide concentration. The components of the organic precursors also significantly influenced the formation of brominated and iodinated disinfection by-products (Br-DBPs and I-DBPs). Humic acids produced more CHBr₃ (596.60 μg/L) than other organic materials. Microcystis aeruginosa cells produced the most tribromoacetic acid (TBAA, 84.16 μg/L). Furthermore, the yield of NDMA decreased with increasing bromide concentration, indicating that the formation of NDMA was inhibited by the high concentration of bromide.     

Heterogeneous Fenton degradation of bisphenol A catalyzed by efficient adsorptive Fe3O4/GO nanocomposites

A new method for the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) in aqueous solution was developed. The oxidative degradation characteristics of BPA in a heterogeneous Fenton reaction catalyzed by Fe₃O₄/graphite oxide (GO) were studied. Transmission electron microscopic images showed that the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were evenly distributed and were ～6 nm in diameter. Experimental results suggested that BPA conversion was affected by several factors, such as the loading amount of Fe₃O₄/GO, pH, and initial H₂O₂ concentration. In the system with 1.0 g L^?1 of Fe₃O₄/GO and 20 mmol L^?1 of H₂O₂, almost 90 % of BPA (20 mg L^?1) was degraded within 6 h at pH 6.0. Based on the degradation products identified by GC–MS, the degradation pathways of BPA were proposed. In addition, the reused catalyst Fe₃O₄/GO still retained its catalytic activity after three cycles, indicating that Fe₃O₄/GO had good stability and reusability. These results demonstrated that the heterogeneous Fenton reaction catalyzed by Fe₃O₄/GO is a promising advanced oxidation technology for the treatment of wastewater containing BPA.