Mechanism of Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption inhibition on biochar by its aging process

Biochar exposed in the environment may experience a series of surface changes, which is called biochar aging. In order to study the effects of biochar aging on Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption, we analyzed the surface properties before and after biochar aging with scanning electron microscopy（SEM） coupled to an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer（EDX） and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy（DRIFTS）, and then explored the influence of the aging process on Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption by batch experiments. After the aging process, the oxygen concentration, phenolic hydroxyl groups, aromatic ethers and other oxygen-containing functional groups on the biochar surface increased, while carboxyl groups slightly decreased. Thus, over a range of pH, the cation exchange capacity（CEC） and adsorption capacity of Cu（Ⅱ） on the aged biochar were smaller than those of new biochar,indicating that when biochar is incubated at constant temperature and water holding capacity in the dark, the aging process may inhibit Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption. Meanwhile, the dissociation characteristics of oxygen-containing functional groups changed through the aging process, which may be the mechanism by which the biochar aging process inhibits the Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption. Carboxyl groups became more easily dissociated at low pH（3.3–5.0）,and the variation of maximum adsorption capability（qm） of Cu（Ⅱ） on the old biochar was enlarged. Phenolic hydroxyl groups increased after the aging, making them and carboxyl groups more difficult to dissociate at high pH（5.0–6.8）, and the variation of qmof Cu（Ⅱ） on the aged biochar was reduced.     

Impact factors of the degradation of bisphenol A by nitrocellulose membrane under illumination

Nitrocellulose membrane (NCM) can produce hydroxyl radicals under illumination, which promotes the oxidative degradation of organic pollutants. In this paper, NCM was used to oxidize bisphenol A (BPA) under simulated sunlight. The effects of pH, temperature, light intensity, anion and cation on the degradation of BPA were analyzed. The photodegradation process of BPA was discussed. The optimal photolysis rate was 0.031 min^?1 when the temperature was 30°C, the light intensity was 2.67 × 10⁴ Lux, and the pH value was 9.0. The alkaline environment, temperature and light intensity can promote the photodegradation of BPA. Except for nitrate ions, anions and cations can inhibit the photodegradation of BPA. Compared with cations, anions have a greater inhibitory effect on BPA degradation. The degradation products of BPA by NCM were analyzed by gas chromatographic/mass. This study may provide useful information for the BPA degradation by NCM in complex water samples.     

两室堆肥生物反应装置研究

以堆肥过程中物料平衡、热量平衡以及垃圾生物发酵特性为依据,设计了二室堆肥生物反应装置,并通过堆肥试验实际检验反应装置设计的合理性.装置主要结构包括:二室堆肥发酵仓、保温层、通风供氧系统、空气加热系统以及二次污染控制系统.装置的主要特点为:两发酵仓能够独立完成堆肥发酵,也可以实现堆肥一次、二次发酵串联工艺组合;通过二次污染控制系统,可以很好地减少堆肥过程中产生的废水臭气排放;采用空气加热系统,可以快速均匀地加热堆体,以满足不同堆肥工艺的需要.装置在试验研究以及小规模垃圾堆肥处理领域有一定的应用价值.     

超声波/零价铁降解对氯苯胺性能及机理研究

在超声波/零价铁体系中考察了溶液初始pH值、浓度对对氯苯胺降解的影响.在pH值为3～11范围内最佳条件为pH=9;初始浓度为0.1、0.2和0.4 mmol/L时的降解率(180 min)分别为83.2%、63.5%和36.1%.对氯苯胺在单纯铁粉、单纯超声波和超声波/零价铁3种体系中降解符合拟一级反应动力学规律,速率常数分别为6.83×10-4、3.95×10-3和1.01×10-2 min-1,增强因子为218%,表明铁粉与超声波对对氯苯胺降解有明显的协同效应.在体系中加入自由基捕捉剂正丁醇能抑制对氯苯胺的降解,证实对氯苯胺降解主要是依靠羟基自由基的氧化作用.     

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯与双酚A联合染毒对小鼠学习记忆障碍及淀粉样前体蛋白酶解通路的影响

研究邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(diethylhexyl phthalate, DEHP)与双酚A(bisphenol A, BPA)联合染毒对小鼠学习记忆障碍及淀粉样前体蛋白(APP)酶解通路的影响。选用昆明种小鼠80只,随机分为空白对照(CT)组、BPA染毒组(1 mg·L^(-1))、不同浓度的DEHP染毒组(100、250和500 mg·kg(-1))、不同浓度的DEHP染毒组(100、250和500 mg·kg^(-1))与联合染毒组。经口灌胃染毒,以0.01 mL·g(-1))与联合染毒组。经口灌胃染毒,以0.01 mL·g^(-1)的剂量灌胃,7次/周,持续6周。使用Morris水迷宫、避暗、跳台的行为学实验方法检测2种污染物单独及联合染毒对小鼠学习记忆的影响;检测小鼠大脑组织中丙二醛(MDA)的含量和单胺氧化酶(MAO)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的活性;采用酶联免疫分析(ELISA)法检测脑组织中的β、γ-分泌酶活性和Aβ_(1-42)的含量;Western Blot法检测APP、PS1、BACE1和Tau的蛋白表达水平;免疫组化法观察小鼠脑组织海马区HE染色情况。行为学测试结果表明,与CT组比较,单独染毒处理组小鼠学习记忆能力出现障碍,空间探索能力较弱;联合染毒组与单独染毒组相比,小鼠于目标象限停留时间短,穿台次数少,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);生化学指标结果显示,随着毒物浓度增加,脑组织中MAD含量、MAO和AChE活性逐渐增加,CAT活性逐渐降低,联合染毒组的变化更为明显,染毒处理组β、γ-分泌酶活性和Aβ_(1-42)含量增加,联合染毒组比单独染毒组酶活性增加更明显;各组差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。DEHP与BPA单独染毒,对小鼠脑组织均显示有神经毒性作用,会造成小鼠学习记忆功能障碍;随着联合染毒组DEHP浓度的增加,联合染毒组与对应剂量的单独染毒组相比,小鼠行为学测试结果与生化指标变化更加明显,采用效应相加模型对其联合毒性作用进行评价,表现为协同作用;染毒组小鼠脑组织神经递质明显减少,具体机制可能与氧化应激及APP酶解通路的作用有关。     

砷形态在湖水中垂直分布的研究

本文以天津水上公园湖泊作为研究现场，通过采样分析，研究了湖水中砷酸盐、亚砷酸盐、一甲基胂酸盐和二甲基胂酸盐的垂直分布及其影响因素。结果表明水上公园湖泊中砷酸盐是溶解态砷的主要存在形式，其垂直分布与悬浮物、叶绿素ａ、磷酸盐的浓度、水文等诸因素密切相关；一甲基胂酸盐含量保持相对稳定；光致转化是影响水中亚砷酸盐垂直分布差异的一个因素。     

西藏南迦巴瓦峰地区土壤环境背景值研究

中国科学院登山科学考察队于1983—1984年对西藏南迦巴瓦峰地区进行了多学科的考察和样品的采集工作.本文所述工作为其中的土壤环境背景值研究部分.经实地垂直和水平布点采样并经实验室测定,得到南迦巴瓦峰地区不同土类中20种元素的含量、主要土类的物理化学组成及其与母质的关系,并探讨了各元素的地球化学性质.结果表明,南峰地区表土中各元素含量普遍高于底土,利用统计学方法确定了该区土壤元素含量背景值.     

秦淮河流域沿岸居民环境责任意识研究调查

环境意识作为一种社会意识和价值观念,引导着人类在生产生活中对待环境的态度和行为。本文对秦淮河流域沿岸居民关于环境意识的调查,运用SPSS软件分析,结果表明:居民环境责任意识与利益关注对环境态度和环境保护行为显著正向影响,居民环境态度对环境行为显著正向影响;居民的环境意识与环境行为存在明显不一致性;居民在日常生活上是浅层次的环境保护型环境意识,环保行为上为政府依赖型,居民对环境问题认识的基本驱动力是利益关系;人口统计特征变量在不同假设路径中均存在显著性差异。     

The Control of Land-Use Patterns for Stormwater Management at Multiple Spatial Scales

While most research about the relationship between land use and watershed hydrological output has focused primarily on land-use types and their impact on hydrological processes, the relationship between characteristics of land-use patterns (such as pattern fragmentation, connectivity, and coherence) and hydrological processes has not been well examined. Using historical stormwater data, this study evaluates the hydrological effects of different land-use scenarios in the Qing-shui watershed in Beijing, China, at a variety of spatial scales. This study demonstrates that planning and managing land-use patterns can significantly reduce runoff under different scales, particularly for small storm events. In contrast to other aspects of land-use structure characteristics, such as the shape complexity of land-use patches, fragmented level of the patches of land-use types appear as dominant drivers of runoff. The results of the study suggest that land-use pattern management should be an important component of Best Management Practices to reduce the impacts of urbanization on natural hydrological processes.     

海上钻井废弃物排放的法规与对策

由于海上废弃物排放法律法规非常严格，使得海上石油工业形势严峻。面对这一情况，美国和加拿大等国家纷纷制定出对石油生产的要求。为了保证其实施，钻井及钻井液公司采取了诸如研究和开发钻井液添加剂体系等各种环境保护对策。