Control of membrane fouling during hyperhaline municipal wastewater treatment using a pilot-scale anoxic/aerobic-membrane bioreactor system

Membrane fouling limits the effects of long-term stable operation of membrane bioreactor (MBR). Control of membrane fouling can extend the membrane life and reduce water treatment cost effectively. A pilot scale anoxic/aerobic-membrane bioreactor (A/O-MBR, 40 L/hr) was used to treat the hyperhaline municipal sewage from a processing zone of Tianjin, China. Impact factors including mixed liquid sludge suspension (MLSS), sludge viscosity (μup), microorganisms, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), aeration intensity and suction/suspended time on membrane fouling and pollution control were studied. The relationships among various factors associated with membrane fouling were analyzed. Results showed that there was a positive correlation among MLSS, sludge viscosity and trans-membrane pressure (TMP). Considering water treatment efficiency and stable operation of the membrane module, MLSS of 5 g/L was suggested for the process. There was a same trend among EPS, sludge viscosity and TMP. Numbers and species of microorganisms affected membrane fouling. Either too high or too low aeration intensity was not conducive to membrane fouling control. Aeration intensity of 1.0 m³/hr (gas/water ratio of 25:1) is suggested for the process. A long suction time caused a rapid increase in membrane resistance. However, long suspended time cannot prevent the increase of membrane resistance effectively even though a suspended time was necessary for scale off particles from the membrane surface. The suction/suspended time of 12 min/3 min was selected for the process. The interaction of various environmental factors and operation conditions must be considered synthetically.     

Effects of different mixing ratios on emissions from passenger cars fueled with methanol/gasoline blends

The effects of different mixing ratios of methanol/gasoline blends and new three-way catalytic converter on regulated and unregulated emissions, especially VOC and carbonyl compound emissions were investigated.     

Association of serum concentration of organochlorine pesticides with dietary intake and other lifestyle factors among urban Chinese women

Concerns about the carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting characteristics of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have led to a global ban on OCP use. However, OCPs persist in the environment for decades because of their long half-life. We evaluated serum levels of OCPs and their correlations with usual dietary intake and other lifestyle factors among 250 healthy women who participated as controls in the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Serum levels of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH), dichloro-di-phenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) isomers (p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), trans-nonachlor (TNC), and eight polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) congeners (IUPAC no. 74, 118, 138, 153, 170, 180, 183, and 187) were measured. Lifestyle factors and usual dietary habits over the past 5 years were assessed through an in-person interview. With the exception of PCB, total OCP levels in our study population were significantly higher than those observed in other countries. Age, income, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, number of pregnancies, and/or total duration of breastfeeding were all significantly correlated with all types of OCPs. Of the 20 food groups evaluated, correlations with serum total OCPs were observed for eggs (r=0.13), fresh beans (r=-0.17), tea (r=0.14), and animal fat (r=0.18). Multiple regression analyses showed that age and animal fat intake were positively associated with serum total level OCPs, while leafy vegetable and fresh bean consumption was negatively associated with OCPs level. Our study suggests that dietary intake may be an important contributor of serum levels of OCPs in Chinese women.     

吸附法脱除燃煤烟气汞

介绍了吸附法净化燃煤烟气汞的发展趋势,主要包括:活性炭吸附法、活性炭吸附再生法、改性活性炭吸附法、活性炭纤维吸附法以及我们所研究的载银活性炭纤维-低温等离子体原位再生技术等,希望能够为我国汞谈判、汞减排及汞资源的回收利用提供新的思路。     

Characterization of contamination, source and degradation of petroleum between upland and paddy fields based on geochemical characteristics and phospholipid fatty acids

To evaluate contamination caused by petroleum, surface soil samples were collected from both upland and paddy fields along the irrigation canals in the Hunpu wastewater irrigation region in northeast China. N-alkanes, terpanes, steranes, and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) in the surface soil samples were analyzed. The aliphatic hydrocarbon concentration was highest in the samples obtained from the upland field near an operational oil well; it was lowest at I-3P where wastewater irrigation promoted the downward movement of hydrocarbons. The Hunpu region was found contaminated by heavy petroleum from oxic lacustrine fresh water or marine deltaic source rocks. Geochemical parameters also indicated significantly heavier contamination and degradation in the upland fields compared with the paddy fields. Principal component analysis based on PLFA showed various microbial communities between petroleum contaminated upland and paddy fields. Gram-negative bacteria indicated by 15:0, 3OH 12:0, and 16:1(9) were significantly higher in the paddy fields, whereas Gram-positive bacteria indicated by i16:0 and 18:1(9)c were significantly higher in the upland fields (p < 0.05). These PLFAs were related to petroleum contamination. Poly-unsaturated PLFA (18:2ωup6, 9; indicative of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and fungi) was also significantly elevated in the upland fields. This paper recommends more sensitive indicators of contamination and degradation of petroleum in soil. The results also provide guidelines on soil pollution control and remediation in the Hunpu region and other similar regions.     

Loss prevention in the petrochemical and chemical-process high-tech industries in Taiwan

Industrial safety has noticeably improved in recent years in Taiwan. Despite these improvements, however, serious accidents including explosions, chemical releases, and fires have still occurred in companies such as the Fu Guo Chemical Company (2001), Sin Hun Chemical Company (2005), Motech Industries, Inc. (2005) and Nanpao Resin Co. (2010). These accidents resulted in great loss of life and property, and further caused demands for improvement. Chemical disasters usually result from the combination of several mistakes or gross carelessness and are seldom caused by a single episode. To ensure the safety of operating, handling and storing chemicals, as well as to prevent chemical disasters, one must take many critical points into account, such as techniques, manufacturing processes, operators, chemicals, and emergency response. In Taiwan, the hazards and risks of high-tech companies are higher than in other industrial sectors. Therefore, a variety of safety management methods and regulations appropriate for high-tech companies have been generated. We studied the current status of the indigenous loss prevention protocols based on the safety management of petrochemical and chemical-process high-tech industries in Taiwan.     

两种计算扩散参数方案的对比研究

利用由泰勒公式导出的Hay-Pasquill方法和Draxler经验公式方法,处理了双向风标风速仪的观测资料,计算并分析了兰州郊区皋兰县的扩散参数.结果表明,Hay-Pasquill方法的计算结果较Draxler经验公式方法稍大,皋兰地区的扩散参数比Briggs开阔平原地区的扩散曲线高2～3个稳定度级。      

环境试样中痕量砷的形态分析研究

提出了湖水和土壤中痕量砷的形态分类方案,研究备形态的分离与测定.水样以0.45μm膜过滤分离出悬浮态的砷,用活性炭分离砷的胶态与游离态;土壤样品依次用水、稀盐酸提取.0.45μm膜过滤,得到水溶态、酸溶态和残余态,前两者用活性炭方法分离胶态与游离态;以巯基棉纤维分离,二巯基丙醇衍生气相色谱法测定各形态的砷的总量及胶态与游离态中砷的价态、无机态和有机态,从而建立湖水和土壤中痕量砷的形态分析方法.     

水环境中2，4，6－三氯酚的光化学降解研究

研究了2,4,6－三氯酚（TCP）在水中不同存在形态、水体pH值、溶解氧、藻类对其光化学降解行为的影响。先用孔雀绿无色氰化物（MGLC）,计算天津海河、北排污河两个自然水体,底泥悬浮物引起的光分散衰减系数,再用RG.Zeep公式预测出天津海河水中TCP的光解速率高于天津北排污河。天津污水土地处理系统进口水中TCP的光解速率常数：在夏季,kd＝0.059（h^-1）;在冬季kd＝0.011（b^-1）;光解半衰期为19.8h^-1。实验结果为处理后污水的安全回用提供了科学依据。     

广东省耕地减少的原因及其对策研究

采用统计方法,对广东省历年耕地及其构成进行相关分析,结果表明广东省耕地减少的原因主要是农业结构调整和其它未统计耕地减少;在近几年未统计耕地减少和结构调整中的改鱼塘占用分别约占耕地总减少量的１／３。在新增加耕地的类型中,围垦增加的比例已很低;复垦增加的比例上升极快,近年达３／４,复垦将是未来耕地面积增加的主要来源。