Distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in surface water and sediments from Baiyangdian Lake in North China

Persistent organochlorine compounds, including hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were analyzed in surface water and sediments from Baiyangdian Lake, North China. Total concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and PCBs in surface water were in the range of 3.13-10.60, 4.05-20.59 and 19.46-131.62 ng/L, respectively, and total concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and PCBs in sediments were 1.75-5.70, 0.91-6.48 and 5.96-29.61 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Among the groups of HCHs (sum of α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH and δ-HCH) and DDTs (sum of DDT, DDD and DDE), the predominance of β-HCH, DDE and DDD in water and sediment samples was clearly observed. This observation suggested that β-HCH was resistant to biodegradation and the DDTs had been transformed to its metabolites, DDE and DDD. For PCBs, penta-, hexa- and hepta-chlorinated congeners were the most abundant compounds in the both phases. Furthermore, the partitioning of chlorinated compounds between sediment and water was investigated to understand their transport and fates in aquatic ecosystems. The results indicated that average logs of organic carbon-normalized sediment-water partition coefficients (logK_oc') for OCPs varied between 3.20 and 5.53, and for PCBs, logK_oc' values ranged from 3.19 to 5.57. The observed logK_oc' was lower than their equilibrium logK_oc predicted from linear model, which may be attributed to the solubility enhancement effect of colloidal matter in water phase and the disequilibrium between sediment and water.     

上海市郊4种地表径流污染负荷调查与评价

地表径流属于非点源污染，地表径流的产生取决于复杂的降雨过程，径流中污染物浓度，径流深度，产流面积是地表径流污染负荷的３大要素，该文对上海郊的４种地表径流进行了调查，并在污染源评价的基础上与市郊非点源污染总量进行了比较。结果表明，上海市郊进入水全的污染负荷，ＣＯＤｃｒ约为６２６３４．７ｔ／ａ，总氮为６２８８．２ｔ／ａ，总磷为１２４４．６ｔ／ａ，此结果说明地表径流是上海市郊仅次于畜禽类尿的重要非点污染     

Mechanism of Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption inhibition on biochar by its aging process

Biochar exposed in the environment may experience a series of surface changes, which is called biochar aging. In order to study the effects of biochar aging on Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption, we analyzed the surface properties before and after biochar aging with scanning electron microscopy（SEM） coupled to an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer（EDX） and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy（DRIFTS）, and then explored the influence of the aging process on Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption by batch experiments. After the aging process, the oxygen concentration, phenolic hydroxyl groups, aromatic ethers and other oxygen-containing functional groups on the biochar surface increased, while carboxyl groups slightly decreased. Thus, over a range of pH, the cation exchange capacity（CEC） and adsorption capacity of Cu（Ⅱ） on the aged biochar were smaller than those of new biochar,indicating that when biochar is incubated at constant temperature and water holding capacity in the dark, the aging process may inhibit Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption. Meanwhile, the dissociation characteristics of oxygen-containing functional groups changed through the aging process, which may be the mechanism by which the biochar aging process inhibits the Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption. Carboxyl groups became more easily dissociated at low pH（3.3–5.0）,and the variation of maximum adsorption capability（qm） of Cu（Ⅱ） on the old biochar was enlarged. Phenolic hydroxyl groups increased after the aging, making them and carboxyl groups more difficult to dissociate at high pH（5.0–6.8）, and the variation of qmof Cu（Ⅱ） on the aged biochar was reduced.     

青霉菌GX2对蒽醌染料的吸附作用

GX2生长菌体对 4种蒽醌染料均表现出优良的吸附性能 ,但由于染料分子的结构不同 ,吸附速率和吸附率也表现出一定的差异 .染料对菌体的生长具有一定的抑制作用 ,但即使在很高的染料浓度下 ,GX2生长菌体仍表现出很强的吸附性能 .对 250mg/L活性艳蓝KN-R的吸附率高达 100% ,对 400mg/LKN R的吸附率也可达91.4% .在 0～2%范围内 ,随着盐度 (NaCl)的增加 ,菌体干重增加 ;颗粒状菌团的直径却随之减小 ,比表面积增大 ,对GX2生长菌体的染料吸附表现出较为明显的促进作用 .碳源浓度通过影响菌体的生长而影响染料吸附 ,当培养基中的葡萄糖浓度大于 2.5g/L时 ,即可使浓度为 120mg/L的活性艳蓝KN R溶液完全脱色 .生长菌体具有比静止活体和死体更好的吸附性能 .     

空气和废气中醛酮污染物的气相色谱测定

以２,４－二硝基肼酸性饱和溶液吸收空气和废气中的醛和酮所形成的腙衍生物用毛细管气相色谱分析。本法预处理回收率在９４％以上,最低检测限为０．０５－０．１ｎｇ,可测定空气和车间空气中挥发性和半挥发性醛和酮类污染物。     

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯与双酚A联合染毒对小鼠学习记忆障碍及淀粉样前体蛋白酶解通路的影响

研究邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(diethylhexyl phthalate, DEHP)与双酚A(bisphenol A, BPA)联合染毒对小鼠学习记忆障碍及淀粉样前体蛋白(APP)酶解通路的影响。选用昆明种小鼠80只,随机分为空白对照(CT)组、BPA染毒组(1 mg·L^(-1))、不同浓度的DEHP染毒组(100、250和500 mg·kg(-1))、不同浓度的DEHP染毒组(100、250和500 mg·kg^(-1))与联合染毒组。经口灌胃染毒,以0.01 mL·g(-1))与联合染毒组。经口灌胃染毒,以0.01 mL·g^(-1)的剂量灌胃,7次/周,持续6周。使用Morris水迷宫、避暗、跳台的行为学实验方法检测2种污染物单独及联合染毒对小鼠学习记忆的影响;检测小鼠大脑组织中丙二醛(MDA)的含量和单胺氧化酶(MAO)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的活性;采用酶联免疫分析(ELISA)法检测脑组织中的β、γ-分泌酶活性和Aβ_(1-42)的含量;Western Blot法检测APP、PS1、BACE1和Tau的蛋白表达水平;免疫组化法观察小鼠脑组织海马区HE染色情况。行为学测试结果表明,与CT组比较,单独染毒处理组小鼠学习记忆能力出现障碍,空间探索能力较弱;联合染毒组与单独染毒组相比,小鼠于目标象限停留时间短,穿台次数少,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);生化学指标结果显示,随着毒物浓度增加,脑组织中MAD含量、MAO和AChE活性逐渐增加,CAT活性逐渐降低,联合染毒组的变化更为明显,染毒处理组β、γ-分泌酶活性和Aβ_(1-42)含量增加,联合染毒组比单独染毒组酶活性增加更明显;各组差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。DEHP与BPA单独染毒,对小鼠脑组织均显示有神经毒性作用,会造成小鼠学习记忆功能障碍;随着联合染毒组DEHP浓度的增加,联合染毒组与对应剂量的单独染毒组相比,小鼠行为学测试结果与生化指标变化更加明显,采用效应相加模型对其联合毒性作用进行评价,表现为协同作用;染毒组小鼠脑组织神经递质明显减少,具体机制可能与氧化应激及APP酶解通路的作用有关。     

砷形态在湖水中垂直分布的研究

本文以天津水上公园湖泊作为研究现场，通过采样分析，研究了湖水中砷酸盐、亚砷酸盐、一甲基胂酸盐和二甲基胂酸盐的垂直分布及其影响因素。结果表明水上公园湖泊中砷酸盐是溶解态砷的主要存在形式，其垂直分布与悬浮物、叶绿素ａ、磷酸盐的浓度、水文等诸因素密切相关；一甲基胂酸盐含量保持相对稳定；光致转化是影响水中亚砷酸盐垂直分布差异的一个因素。     

高分辨双晶X射线荧光光谱测定某些环境样品中硫的化学状态

本文用高分辨双晶X射线荧光光谱仪分析了煤、植物叶、土壤等环境样品中硫的化学状态。同时参照有关方法,设计了较为适用的非线性最小二乘法谱线分离程序。部分样品测定结果与其它方法做了对照比较,其结果基本相近。证明本法是一种样品预处理简便、测定快速而又可靠的化学状态分析方法。     

聚铁硅型混凝剂的形态分析及性能研究

以水玻璃和聚合硫酸铁为原料制备不同碱化度(B)及不同Fe/Si摩尔比的系列聚合硫酸铁硅混凝剂(PFSS)并对其形态进行分析。采用FeFerron逐时络合比色法发现随熟化时间延长,Fe(a)和Fe(b)的含量逐渐减少,Fe(c)的含量逐渐增多,而碱化度越大,PFSS中铁越易从Fe(a)向Fe(c)转化。采用显微电泳实验发现PFSS随着投加量增加,Zeta电位升高。采用超滤法测定了制备的PFSS分子量的分布情况,并将其与PFS进行了比较,结果发现,PFSS的分子量明显比PFS的分子大。     

Comparison of receptor models for source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in Beijing, China

Identifying the sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is key to reducing ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Several receptor models have been developed to apportion sources, but an intercomparison of these models had not been performed for VOCs in China. In the present study, we compared VOC sources based on chemical mass balance (CMB), UNMIX, and positive matrix factorization (PMF) models. Gasoline-related sources, petrochemical production, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) were identified by all three models as the major contributors, with UNMIX and PMF producing quite similar results. The contributions of gasoline-related sources and LPG estimated by the CMB model were higher, and petrochemical emissions were lower than in the UNMIX and PMF results, possibly because the VOC profiles used in the CMB model were for fresh emissions and the profiles extracted from ambient measurements by the two-factor analysis models were "aged".