环境介质中药物和个人护理品的潜在风险研究进展

药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)在环境介质中的残留物作为一种新型污染物在环境介质中的转归,逐渐成为环境工作者和公众密切关注的焦点.这些物质特殊的物化特性及其被大量使用的现状,给生态环境和人类健康带来一定的潜在风险.由PPCPs使用所引发的风险问题正在成为当前学术界所面临的研究方向之一.欧洲和美国已经开始了对PPCPs的风险评估研究,中国研究者仅对某些药物的分析检测方法进行了初步探索,对PPCPs的潜在风险研究还呈空白.从PPCPs的物化特性及其对环境介质的影响入手,对其潜在风险进行了分析,并介绍了目前国外PPCPs风险研究进展,以期为中国开展PPCPs的风险评估提供参考.     

Small-scale mining in China: Assessing recent advances in the policy and regulatory framework

This paper explores the background of a proposed revision to the Mineral Resources Law of China, why and how the law was amended in the past, its salient features and objectives. Of equal importance is an analysis of how this national law, with its attendant regulations and policies, formed the basis for the growth and continued development of China's small-scale mining industry. The Xiaoqingling Gold Mountain case study is shown to justify the necessity and feasibility for formalizing and consolidating small-scale mines in China, and to some extent, the success of the nation-wide ASM resource consolidation policy at a local level.     

湖南2008年极端冰冻特大灾害成因分析及影响评估

2008年初,湖南出现了有完整气象记录以来罕见的特大低温冰冻雨雪极端灾害天气.本次过程具有强度大、范围广、时间长、灾害重等特点,过程气温、冰冻、严寒期的多项评估指标创1949以来极值,综合评估为特大型气象灾害.从天气学角度出发,对此次低温冰冻雨雪天气形势进行了分析,同时对低温雨雪冰冻造成的湖南农业、电力、通信、交通等行业影响进行了评估.     

啤酒酵母菌对溶液中锶离子的吸附行为

利用废弃啤酒酵母菌为生物吸附剂,考察了pH、啤酒酵母菌加入量、锶离子初始浓度、吸附时间等对锶离子吸附行为的影响,并通过红外光谱分析探讨了吸附机制.结果表明:(1)在吸附温度为25℃、pH为4.5、啤酒酵母菌加入量为2.0 g/L、锶离子初始质量浓度为10.0 mg/L、吸附60 min的条件下,啤酒酵母菌对锶离子的吸附基本达到平衡.(2)啤酒酵母菌对锶离子的吸附较好地符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温式,且以Langmuir吸附等温式拟合效果更优.在吸附温度为25℃、pH为4.5、啤酒酵母菌加入量为2.0 g/L、吸附时间为180 min、锶离子初始质量浓度为5.0～250.0 mg/L的条件下,啤酒酵母菌对锶离子的理论饱和吸附量为29.67 mg/g.(3)啤酒酵母菌吸附锶离子前后的红外图谱显示.部分吸收峰发生了位移并且透过率改变.推断在啤酒酵母菌吸附锶离子的过程中,锶离子先与NH2和酰胺基团中的N原子进行配位络合,随后被络合了的锶作为成核位点再吸附更多的锶离子在表面.此外,蛋白质特征谱带--酰胺Ⅰ带和酰胺Ⅱ带吸收峰的透过率也发生变化,可能是啤酒酵母菌蛋白质上的官能团也结合了锶离子.     

Distributions, sources and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in topsoil at Ji’nan city, China

Surface soil (0-5 cm) samples from 17 sampling sites including different functional areas at Ji'nan city in Shandong Province of China were collected and analyzed for 16 EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The total PAH concentrations were in the range from 1.31 mg kg(-1) to 254.08 mg kg(-1) (dry weight), and the average level of total PAHs was 23.25 mg kg(-1). The highest total PAHs concentrations were found in steel and iron plant at industrial areas. The total PAHs concentrations in industrial areas were markedly higher than those in other different functional areas. According to comparing total PAHs concentration in Ji'nan city to that of other urban areas, it was found that total PAHs concentrations were 6 to 137 times higher than other areas because of some specific sampling sites such as steel and iron plant and one main roadside. The results showed that PAHs in topsoil of Ji'nan city were suffered from strong pyrogenic influence, especially in industrial areas. However about 52.9% soil samples were mainly originated from both pyrogenic and petrogenic mixed sources based on Flu/Pyr ratios and Phe/Ant ratios. Furthermore, It was found that all individual PAHs except Fle were significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with LMW, HMW, total PAHs and SOM, and individual PAHs except Fle in soils were significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with each other. The nemerow composite index to assess the environmental quality showed that the soil sample of steel and iron plant in industrial areas and one main roadside were heavy pollution of PAHs, and about 47% soil sampling sites were safety, about 53% soil sampling sites were got different grades of PAHs pollution.     

浅论质量共性技术及质量共性技术文件

通过对共性技术的介绍和分析,给出了质量共性技术的概念及定义;并以电子信息系统为例,阐述了质量共性技术的涵盖内容和研究领域,进而探讨了质量共性技术文件的相关内容和编写要求。     

油田生态环境修复技术研究综述

随着油田的持续开发,油气开采总量逐年增加,导致生态环境恶化加剧。文章综述了油田开发对油田生态环境的影响,并针对油田开发对水环境、土壤环境的污染,重点介绍了国内外油田生态环境污染的修复技术。     

寒冷地区应用人工湿地处理污水研究进展＊

低温影响人工湿地污水的处理效果,限制了人工湿地在寒冷地区的推广应用。文章综合分析了影响寒冷地区人工湿地污水处理效果的因素,提出:潜流式的人工湿地具有一定的保温特点,在潜流湿地土壤上面铺盖一定厚度的覆盖物可以提高保温效果,再选择科学合理的工艺流程——复合垂直流等可提高人工湿地的污水处理效率。有关实例也证明:通过合理的设计,人工湿地可以在寒冷地区成功越冬。     

高职数学教学必须加强数学思想方法的教学

数学思想方法是数学知识的核心,是数学的精髓和灵魂,是研究数学理论和运用数学解决实际问题的指导思想。本文针对目前高职数学教学中存在的数学思想方法教学重视不够以及教法上随意性的现状,提出通过加强数学史和基本数学思想方法的介绍,以及倡导“问题解决”的教学模式来提高学生的数学素养。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments from Yellow River, China

Fourteen surface sediment samples were collected from Lanzhou Reach of Yellow River, China in July 2005. The concentrations of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by gas chromatography equipped with a mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS). Total concentrations of the PAHs ranged from 464 to 2621 ng/g dry weight. Sediment samples with the highest PAH concentrations appeared at the downstream of Lanzhou City, where there was the biggest wastewater discharge pipeline from Lanzhou Oil Refinery Factory and Lanzhou Chemical Industry Company. Municipal sewage also contributed to the PAH contamination in the sediments. A correlation existed between the sediment organic carbon content (f(oc)) and the total PAH concentrations (r(2)=0.57), suggesting that sediment organic carbon content played an important role in controlling the PAHs levels in the sediments. According to the observed molecular indices, PAHs contamination in Lanzhou Reach of Yellow River originated both from the high-temperature pyrolytic processes and from the petrogenic source, showing a mixed PAH input pattern, which was also confirmed by the results of a principal component analysis (PCA). According to the numerical effect-based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) of the United States, the levels of PAHs at most studied sites in Lanzhou Reach of Yellow River should not exert adverse biological effects. Although at some sites (such as S10, S12, etc.) one PAH may exceed the effects range low (ERL), individual PAH did not exceed the effects range median (ERM). The results indicated that sediments in all sites should have potential biological impact, but should have no impairment.