Characteristics and management modes of domestic waste in rural areas of developing countries: a case study of China

A huge accumulation of domestic waste has caused serious environmental contamination in rural areas of developing countries (RADIC). The characteristics and management of domestic waste are carefully discussed, based on field surveys and a literature review. The results indicate that the generation in most of RADIC is less than the median of 0.521 kg day⁻¹ per capita in China, and much smaller than in rural areas of developed countries (RADEC). Organic waste and inert waste with an accumulative mass percentage of 72.31% are dominant components of domestic waste in the rural areas of China. There are trends of increasing amounts of kitchen waste, paper/cardboard, and plastic/rubber and a decreasing trend of ash waste. The RADIC composition of domestic waste had a high content of organic waste and a low content of recyclable waste compared to the RADEC. Domestic waste has good compressibility and a light bulk density ranging from 40 to 650 kg m⁻³. The moisture, ash, combustible, and calorific values of domestic waste were 53.31%, 18.03%, 28.67%, and 5368 kJ kg⁻¹, respectively. The domestic waste has an abundance of nutrients including organic matter (39.05%), nitrogen (1.02%), phosphorus (0.50%), and potassium (1.42%). In RADIC, domestic waste can be used as an agricultural manure only after it has been collected and sorted for the potential risk of heavy metal accumulation. Based on these characteristics of domestic waste and the different situations of rural areas, four waste management modes including centralized treatment, decentralized treatment, group treatment, and mobile treatment are designed and discussed.

     

水文连通性对湖泊生态环境影响的研究进展

水文连通性对湖泊水资源调节、水质净化和生态安全等具有重要作用,但同时也可能带来潜在风险。因而厘清水文连通性对其生态环境的影响规律,对于开展水文连通性修复工作具有重要指导意义。基于广泛的文献调研,介绍了水文连通性的定义与内涵,分别综述了水文连通性对湖泊水文水动力、水质、水生态系统影响的研究进展。在此基础上,总结归纳了水文连通性通过改变水文水动力过程影响生态系统的路径：一是直接改变生境面积、植被格局和生物迁移繁殖特征,二是通过改变水质和沉积物特征而作用于生物的生长发育及其体内污染物累积转化过程。最后,对水文连通性变化的生态环境效应研究进行了展望：(1)加强对垂向连通性的研究以及拓展不同维度连通性耦合转化研究;(2）借助水动力-水质-水生态耦合模型研究水文连通性变化下的生态环境效应;(3）开展水文连通性的生态环境风险研究,并基于生态环境效益和社会经济效益权衡确定适宜的水文连通性。     

广花盆地地下水化学特征及其演化分析

粤港澳大湾区(简称大湾区)建设已经上升为中国国家重大发展战略,水资源保障能力提升是大湾区建设的重点内容。城市应急备用水源建设是解决区内供水风险、保障特殊时期供水安全的重要手段,查明水环境质量状况及其演化对于备用水源地的科学建设意义重大。以粤港澳大湾区应急备用水源地-广花盆地为研究对象,采集并测试了41口监测井水样的常规化学组分,利用主成分分析、元素比值和Gibbs模型等多种方法,探讨了地下水主要离子来源及控制因子,评估了水质状况。结果表明:地下水的TDS变化范围为51.42-1 293.36 mg·L-1,Cl-为1.81-858.65 mg·L-1,淡水样占比95.1%,微咸水占比4.9%,反映地下水化学具有较大的空间差异;地下水阳离子以Ca2+和Na+为主,阴离子以HCO3-和Cl-为主,为HCO3-Ca、HCO3-Na·Ca、HCO3·SO4-Na·Ca和HCO3·Cl-Na·Ca型水;地下水的ρ(Na+)/ρ(Na++Ca2+)值为0.02-0.59,ρ(Cl-)/(Cl-+HCO3-)值为0.03-0.88,Ca/Na值为0.69-52.66,HCO3/Na值为1.28-41.64,据Gibbs模型和元素化学计量分析表明,其化学组成主要受含水层碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩风化控制;Na/Cl系数为0.31-6.39,局部地下水盐化明显,在北部高Cl-质量浓度区,其主要受古咸水与现代淡水混合影响,并有Na+与Ca2+离子交换,在南部的高Cl-质量浓度区,可能是海水沿流溪河咸潮上溯和河流侧向补给地下水所致;氨氮为0.05-7.50mg·L-1,有75.6%的样品超过Ⅲ类水标准,其主要来源为农业施肥、人畜粪便。由此,氨氮污染威胁地下水安全,作为应急备用水源应引起高度重视。     

Different response of bacterial community to the changes of nutrients and pollutants in sediments from an urban river network

• Bacterial community varied spatially in sediments from the urban river network. • Key environmental factors shaping bacterial community were detected by RDA. • Bacterial co-occurrence networks changed at different levels of nutrient and metal. • Potential indicator species were selected to predict pollution risk in sediment. Microbial communities in sediment are an important indicator linking to environmental pollution in urban river systems. However, how the diversity and structure of bacterial communities in sediments from an urban river network respond to different environmental factors has not been well studied. The goal of this study was to understand the patterns of bacterial communities in sediments from a highly dense urbanized river network in the lower Yangtze River Delta by Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The correlations between bacterial communities, the environmental gradient and geographical distance were analyzed by redundancy analysis (RDA) and network methods. The diversity and richness of bacterial community in sediments increased from upstream to downstream consistently with the accumulation of nutrient in the urban river network. Bacterial community composition and structure showed obvious spatial changes, leading to two distinct groups, which were significantly related to the characteristics of nutrient and heavy metal in sediments. Humic substance, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, Zn, Cu, Hg and As were selected as the key environmental factors shaping the bacterial community in sediments based on RDA. The co-occurrence patterns of bacterial networks showed that positive interaction between bacterial communities increased but the connectivity among bacterial genera and stability of sediment ecosystem reduced under a higher content of nutrient and heavy metal in average. The sensitive and ubiquitous taxa with an overproportional response to key environmental factors were detected as indicator species, which provided a novel method for the prediction of the pollution risk of sediment in an urban river network.     

采暖期北京大气PM2.5中碳组分的分布特征及来源解析

在冬季采暖期采集北京大气中的PM_(2.5)样品,利用自动称重系统AWS-1和热/光碳分析仪测定样品中PM_(2.5)和OC/EC,研究碳组分的变化特征,并通过OC/EC的值和单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS 0515)分析大气颗粒物中碳气溶胶的可能来源。结果表明:PM_(2.5)污染天气的OC、EC在PM_(2.5)中的占比要比清洁天气时低,其中SOC在PM_(2.5)中的占比由清洁天气时的22.9%减少到了重污染天气的15.4%,这是因为大气中的PM_(2.5)有较强的消光作用,导致气溶胶的氧化能力降低,造成了SOC的生成量减少;通过分析OC/EC值表明,冬季采暖期北京大气碳气溶胶的主要来源为机动车尾气和燃煤,这与SPAMS 0515在线解析的结果一致。采用SPAMS 0515进行在线OC、EC分析,在PM_(2.5)质量浓度≤250μg/m3时同手工方法有较好的相关性。解析结果表明,燃煤和机动车尾气是北京冬季采暖期的首要污染物来源,占比分别为34.0%和26.4%。     

国产与进口HPLC-ICP-MS联用仪器在砷形态分析方面的比较

比较了国产与进口HPLC-ICP-MS联用仪器在环境水样砷形态分析中的应用。国产和进口HPLC-ICP-MS联用仪器均能实现亚砷酸盐、二甲基砷、一甲基砷和砷酸盐的同时测定。国产仪器出峰时间较快,优于进口仪器。但是进口仪器上亚砷酸盐和二甲基砷的分离度优于国产仪器。国产仪器和进口仪器分析亚砷酸盐、二甲基砷、一甲基砷和砷酸盐,标准曲线的线性相关系数均大于0.995。国产仪器分析4种形态砷检出限范围为0.29~0.59μg/L,进口仪器分析4种形态砷检出限范围为0.24~0.36μg/L,没有数量级上的差异。国产仪器相对标准偏差范围为1.8%~9.0%,进口仪器相对标准偏差范围为0.8%~8.9%。精密度方面国产仪器和进口仪器水平相当。实际样品加标实验,国产仪器回收率范围为86.2%~112%,进口仪器回收率范围为96.4%~114%;使用进口仪器和国产仪器测定4种形态砷的有证标准物质,测定结果无显著性差异。国产HPLC-ICP-MS联用仪器可以满足砷形态检测分析的要求。对2款仪器的比较研究,为广大企事业单位及科研院所在选择HPLC-ICP-MS联用仪器时提供有价值的基础数据和参考建议。     

液相色谱串联高分辨质谱在水环境监测领域中的应用研究

简述了液相色谱串联高分辨质谱(LC-HRMS)的优势和其在水环境监测领域中的实际工作流程。分析了LCHRMS在水环境监测应用中面临的数据库储备相对匮乏和优先锁定定性目标相对滞后的问题,提出,通过建立目标化合物数据库,从厂家或供应商处购买与仪器匹配的数据库,建立高通量靶向监测和高通量非靶向筛查的体制机制,以及建立具有地方特色的特征污染物数据库等几种方式,以期进一步提高鉴别工作效率,更好地满足水环境监测的筛查需求。     

乳化液膜法处理化工废水的进展

扼要介绍了液膜分离的机理及其在废水处理方面所具有的特点，并举例说明了我国在液膜法处理化工废水方面的研究进展。