城市污水厂污泥中重金属去除及其土地利用的研究现状

污泥中富含磷、氮和钾等农作物需要的营养物质,但碍于污泥中残留的重金属离子而难以使用.文章介绍了污泥中重金属的存在形式及作用机理,综述了几种能有效去除重金属的方法(吸附法、淋滤法和化学法),分析了各种方法的优缺点、影响因素、处理效果、适用范围及处理后土地利用的现状,以期处理后的污泥能够作为农用土地,减轻剩余污泥二次污染危...     

稻鸭鱼共栖生态系统CH4排放规律研究

首次对稻-鸭-鱼共栖生态系统中的甲烷排放通量进行了系统研究。结果表明:甲烷排放通量日变化呈现一定的规律,排放高峰出现在下午14:00~16:00,晚上0:00~4:00达到最低值。稻-鸭-鱼共栖生态系统生态种养期间甲烷排放通量表现出一定的规律,甲烷排放出现2个峰值分别出现在水稻生长返青期、幼穗分化期,第1个峰值为15.813mg/(m2·h),第2个峰值为9.485mg/(m2·h)。其次在水稻分蘖盛期,甲烷的排放通量最高可达8.227mg/(m2·h)。稻-鸭-鱼共栖生态系统中,土壤氧化还原电位增加10.98mV,还原物质总量、活性还原物质总量分别降低1.46cmol/kg、1.25cmol/kg。稻田甲烷排放与土壤氧化还原电位呈极显著负相关,与还原物质总量、活性还原物质总量呈极显著正相关。     

利用微核试验和彗星电泳试验评价黄河兰州段水质致遗传毒性作用

利用微核和彗星电泳试验对黄河兰州段鲤鱼(Cyprinuscarpio)红细胞大小及其DNA损伤(微核、核异常、单链断裂和遇碱不稳定点、双链断裂)进行了研究,并以刘家峡水库为对照.结果显示,黄河兰州段采得的鲤鱼其红细胞微核率显著增加(P<0.05),DNA单链断裂和遇碱不稳定点损伤比例和程度加重,但两样点差异不显著(P>0.05),这表明兰州段黄河水质有明显的致遗传毒性作用.同时两种检测结果显示,不同的遗传毒性检测手段具有不同的检测终点和机制,建议在监测环境污染致遗传毒性作用时考虑检测方法的统一和标准化,从而得到更可靠、全面的结果.图4表3参15     

Study on the concentration distribution in a trapezoidal open-channel flow with a side discharge

The number and distribution of pollutant concentration in a trapezoidal open channel flow with a side discharge is calculated and effects of the bank gradient are investigated in this paper. A sigma-coordinate water quality numerical model is used to simulate the process of both water and pollutant transportation in the trapezoidal channel open flow. The diffusion coefficient used in the prediction is determined by two methods including constant coefficient and the depth-averaged k-epsilon turbulence closure model. The change of the concentration with the bank gradient is acquired based on the simulation of cases with different bank gradients. An analytical formula is derived by using the mirror image method and related diffusion theories, ignoring the discharge momentum and the influence of the opposite bank. The formula can predict the number and distribution of pollutant concentration with some acceptable errors. The results demonstrate that the bank gradient has great influence on the concentration distribution which will decrease with the increase of the bank gradient approximately following a hyperbolic law.     

提高环境意识，做好环境保护工作

环境与发展问题是当今的大事，未来的主题，保护环境是我国的一项基本国策，是经济发展与现代化建设的重要组成部分，我们必须提高环境意识，并在此基础上，做好环境保护工作，使环境与经济协调发展，为子孙后代保护好一个永续利用的地球。     

土壤中硫化物预处理方法的改进

通过对土壤中硫化物测定预处理方法━━━━氮气吹气法的试验装置、预处理酸度、温度、吹气时间及载气速度等条件的研究和改进。以多孔吹球代替单孔吹管 ,在土壤的水溶液中加入NaOH、EDTA和Vc ,以NaOH -EDTA -TEA(三乙醇胺)代替Zn(Ac)2-NaAc为吸收液 ,并采取了逐步加压吹气方法 ,通过对回收率、精密度及底泥对比试验 ,效果提高显著 ,回收率由原方法的40%～60 %提高到90 %以上 ,吹气时间缩短了20 % ,装置简单 ,便于推广应用。     

华中地区某县农田土壤黑碳分布特征及来源解析

以华中地区阳新县农田土壤为研究对象,采用热光反射法研究了不同类型农田土壤(水稻土、红壤、潮土)中黑碳、焦炭、烟炱含量的变化特征,并探讨了影响黑碳、焦炭和烟炱分布的影响因素以及黑碳的可能来源。结果表明,农田土壤中黑碳、焦炭和烟炱含量变幅较大,分别为0.17—3.18 g?kg~(~(-1)),0.03—2.37 g?kg~(-1)和0.09—1.50 g?kg~(-1),平均值分别为0.85 g?kg~(-1),0.45 g?kg~(-1)和0.40 g?kg~(-1)。不同类型土壤中黑碳、焦炭、烟炱含量的大小顺序是:水稻土红壤潮土。黑碳占有机碳的比例变化范围在1.45%—26.43%,平均值为6.76%。相关分析结果表明土壤黑碳含量与有机碳、焦炭和烟炱含量之间都呈显著的正相关关系。根据焦炭/烟炱比值分析结果推测农田土壤中的黑碳主要来源于化石燃料燃烧,如工业燃煤及机动车尾气排放等。     

Monitoring microbial community in a subsurface soil contaminated with hydrocarbons by quinone profile

A natural attenuation experiment was carried out using a lysimeter for 308 days after contaminating the subsoil with hydrocarbons (HCs) and the changes in the structures of microbial community in the hydrocarbon (HC) contaminated subsoil were monitored by quinone profile analysis. The residues of HCs remained for 217 days in the subsoil after the contamination. The amount of total quinones (TQ), an indicator of microbial biomass, significantly increased in the HC contaminated subsoil for 217 days, comparing with that of the background subsoil or the subsoil before the addition of HCs. The major quinone species and the quinone composition, indicators of community structure, were significantly different between the HC contaminated soil and the background soil for 217 days. The major increased quinine species in the HC contaminated soil were menaquinone-8(H4), menaquinone-9(H2) and ubiquinone-9, indicating the propagation of Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content and gamma-subclass of Proteobacteria and fungi. There was no significant difference in the diversity of the quinone species (DQ), an indicator of taxonomic diversity of microbial community, except for the decrease in DQ in the shallow subsoil after 35 days when a high concentration of HCs was detected. After 308 days when the HCs in the subsoil disappeared, TQ returned to the level of the background soil, and no significant difference in quinone composition were observed between the HC contaminated soil and the background soil. The results suggested that respiratory quinones are effective biomarkers for characterizing the temporal changes of microbial community in the HC contaminated subsoil.     

布袋除尘器在焦炉装煤除尘中的应用

焦炉装煤烟气中含有焦油等成分,为防止黏结与堵塞,传统上一般采用湿式除尘系统。随着滤料技术、预喷涂技术和防爆技术的发展,使布袋除尘器代替湿式除尘器成为可能。通过对干式布袋除尘器及其系统和湿式双文氏管除尘器及其系统在装备、运行成本和实际使用状况进行比较,结果显示:干式布袋除尘系统在节能方面具有极大的优势,是焦炉装煤除尘的发展方向。     

城市污水处理厂的挥发性恶臭有机物组成及来源

采用GDX-502采样管和二次热解吸与GC-MSD联用仪研究广州一个典型城市污水处理厂不同污水处理单元和周边环境空气中挥发性恶臭有机物(MVOC)的组成和含量,通过对源排放特征、分子标志物和大气化学活性分析,建立该污水处理厂的MVOC源成分谱.结果表明,该污水处理厂检出烷烃、卤代烃、烯烃、芳香烃、含氧有机物和硫醚等6类40种挥发性有机物(VOC),其中34种为MVOC成分,各处理单元排放的MVOC含量占其VOC总量的95%以上;苯系物、2-丁酮、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯和甲硫醚等为该污水处理厂重要的MVOC分子标志物,其中苯系物的含量最高,占源排放MVOC总量的75.89%;经归一化和重整的MVOC源成分谱与环境受体点的MVOC组成之间具有显著相关性.