电石法聚氯乙烯行业履约的成本效益分析

构建汞物质平衡模型以识别高汞触媒及低汞触媒电石法聚氯乙烯(CCPVC)企业中汞的产生、转化和排放过程.进一步针对典型企业开展成本效益分析,比较通过低汞触媒替代来履行《关于汞的水俣公约》要求的各种方案.结果表明,案例企业将在履约的情况下,使废气和废水汞排放量分别减少25%和85.7%~98.9%,净效益增加50.7%~55.4%.案例企业最有利的选择将是在厂内回收废触媒并改进汞减排设施,但含汞固体废物的环境风险不可忽视.原因是《关于汞的水俣公约》侧重于CCPVC行业的汞输入而非汞排放.此外,目前的汞环境税率低于最优税率,无法为CCPVC企业提供足够的激励以控制汞排放.因此,为了提高《关于汞的水俣公约》的政策效力,有必要推动我国CCPVC行业汞物质平衡的构建,加强对含汞固体废物堆存的监管力度,提高汞排放的环境税率,并将所含的环境风险物质量作为固体废物的计税依据.     

Hydroxyl radical intensified Cu2O NPs/H2O2 process in ceramic membrane reactor for degradation on DMAc wastewater from polymeric membrane manufacturer

• Cu₂O NPs/H₂O₂ Fenton process was intensified by membrane dispersion. • DMAc removal was enhanced to 98% for initial DMAc of 14000 mg/L. • Analyzed time-resolved degradation pathway of DMAc under ·OH attack. High-concentration industrial wastewater containing N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) from polymeric membrane manufacturer was degraded in Cu₂O NPs/H₂O₂ Fenton process. In the membrane-assisted Fenton process DMAc removal rate was up to 98% with 120 min which was increased by 23% over the batch reactor. It was found that ·OH quench time was extended by 20 min and the maximum ·OH productivity was notably 88.7% higher at 40 min. The degradation reaction rate constant was enhanced by 2.2 times with membrane dispersion (k = 0.0349 min⁻¹). DMAc initial concentration (C₀) and H₂O₂ flux (J_p) had major influence on mass transfer and kinetics, meanwhile, membrane pore size (r_p) and length (L_m) also affected the reaction rate. The intensified radical yield, fast mass transfer and nanoparticles high activity all contributed to improve pollutant degradation efficiency. Time-resolved DMAc degradation pathway was analyzed as hydroxylation, demethylation and oxidation leading to the final products of CO₂, H₂O and NO₃⁻ (rather than NH₃ from biodegradation). Continuous process was operated in the dual-membrane configuration with in situ reaction and separation. After five cycling tests, DMAc removal was all above 95% for the initial [DMAc]₀ = 14,000 mg/L in wastewater and stability of the catalyst and the membrane maintained well.     

不同生境产脂肪酶菌株的筛选及多样性

为发掘不同特性脂肪酶微生物资源,采用纯培养方法从青海高寒草地、雅安山区、成都平原分离得到产脂肪酶菌株54株.通过对菌株的DNA进行ERIC-PCR指纹图谱分析,按聚类树划分为5个操作分类单元.16S rDNA序列测定和聚类分析显示,分离菌株分布于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter).多样性分析表明,与青海高寒草地、雅安山区相比,成都平原产脂肪酶菌株遗传多样性更为丰富.在54株菌中都出现了300 bp和1 300 bp两个特异且稳定出现的条带,这两个特异条带可能是产脂肪酶菌株的SCAR标记条带.     

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the Pearl River Delta and coastal environment: sources,transfer, and implications

A study was conducted to investigate the occurrence and behavior of six endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in sewage, river water, and seawater from the Pearl River Delta (PRD). The six EDCs under study were 4-nonylphenol (NP), bisphenol A (BPA), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), estrone (E2), 17β-estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). These EDCs, predominated by BPA, were found in high levels in the influents and the effluents of sewage treatment plants in the area. The relatively high concentrations (0.23–625 ng/L) of the EDCs detected in the receiving river water suggested that the untreated sewage discharge was a major contributor. The EDCs detected in eight outlets of the Pear River and the Pear River Estuary were in the ranges of 1.2–234 and 0.2–178 ng/L, respectively. The estrogen equivalents in the aquatic environments under study ranged from 0.08 to 4.5 ng/L, with E1 and EE2 being the two predominant contributors. As the fluxes of the EDCs from the PRD region to the nearby ocean are over 500 tons each year, the results of this study point to the potential that Pearl River is a significant source of the EDCs to the local environment there.     

A GIS-based decision support system for regional eco-security assessment and its application on the Tibetan Plateau

Regional eco-security assessment is an intricate, challenging task. In previous studies, the integration of eco-environmental models and geographical information systems (GIS) usually takes two approaches: loose coupling and tight coupling. However, the present study used a full coupling approach to develop a GIS-based regional eco-security assessment decision support system (ESDSS). This was achieved by merging the pressure-state-response (PSR) model and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) into ArcGIS 9 as a dynamic link library (DLL) using ArcObjects in ArcGIS and Visual Basic for Applications. Such an approach makes it easy to capitalize on the GIS visualization and spatial analysis functions, thereby significantly supporting the dynamic estimation of regional eco-security. A case study is presented for the Tibetan Plateau, known as the world’s “third pole” after the Arctic and Antarctic. Results verified the usefulness and feasibility of the developed method. As a useful tool, the ESDSS can also help local managers to make scientifically-based and effective decisions about Tibetan eco-environmental protection and land use.     

浅谈烟草企业安全文化建设

随着烟草行业的不断发展,干部职工的安全意识的提高,"安全工作的极端重要性"越来越得到大家的关注和重视。根据国家烟草专卖局的相关工作要求,就如何开展新疆烟草《安全文化建设》的推进工作,谈谈本人的一点初浅体会。     

兰炭生产过程中固体废物的产生与利用现状分析

在对国内兰炭生产工艺流程应用及现状介绍的基础上,概括总结了旧式低温干馏阶段和现阶段兰炭生产过程中固体废物的产生节点、种类、性质和主要处置方式。结果表明,旧式低温干馏阶段,兰炭生产过程中产生的固体废物主要包括煤筛分破碎工序产生的末煤和煤矸石、筛焦工序产生的焦粉、焦油冷却收集系统产生的焦油渣等;现阶段,兰炭生产过程中产生的固体废物主要包括煤筛分破碎工序产生的末煤和煤矸石以及破碎过程中经除尘器收集的煤尘、筛焦工序产生的焦粉、废水处理污泥、焦油冷却收集系统产生的焦油渣、脱硫工序产生的脱硫残液等。其中末煤、煤矸石、煤尘、焦粉作为一般工业固废全部综合利用,废水污泥、焦油渣、脱硫残液主要掺入原料煤中自行消化处置。     

燃烧温度对柴油固体颗粒物形貌及氧化特性影响的试验研究

依据柴油机缸内的燃烧环境状态,采用TF-1200X管式炉,采集了柴油在不同温度条件下燃烧产生的颗粒物.应用扫描电镜SEM、X射线衍射仪和热重分析仪,对不同燃烧温度下颗粒的平均粒径、计盒维数、元素质量分数、颗粒表面氧化活性等变化规律进行了研究.结果表明:燃烧温度介于523～623 K之间时,柴油燃烧形成的固体颗粒物主要由颗粒状焦组成,呈片状和珠串状,颗粒中的C元素质量分数随燃烧温度的增加而增加,颗粒着火温度、活化能随燃烧温度的增加而降低;燃烧温度大于723 K时,颗粒呈球状和团簇状,平均粒径随温度的增加而减小,颗粒的C元素质量分数、计盒维数及活化能随燃烧温度的增加而增加,颗粒着火温度随燃烧温度的增加呈上升趋势;柴油在523～923 K之间燃烧形成的颗粒物,随着热重氛围气中氧体积分数的增加,颗粒氧化放热速率增加,活化能变化不大.