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Marcus?Wei? Dieter?Wüstenberg Andreas W.?MomberEmail author 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2003,5(2):84-88
There are no known methods which will effectively separate compounds consisting of plastic fibers and latex binders, or plastics coated with textiles. To separate the fibers and the plastic carrier from the other materials, high-pressure water jets have been used. Based on this practice, a method was developed to treat waste carpets and automotive interior materials with water jets in order to recycle their plastic components. Experiments were performed to investigate the modes of destruction as well as the influence of process parameters. Based on these investigations, a pilot device for the treatment of waste carpets (sheets or chips) was designed and installed. It was shown that the proposed method works with a high degree of cleanliness and selectivity. A general process scheme was developed in order to apply the method to recycling processes. 相似文献
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We review here the concept of sustainable chemistry (SC), which is still in its early development. One important element of SC is commonly defined as chemical research aiming at the optimization of chemical processes and products with respect to energy and material consumption, inherent safety, toxicity, environmental degradability, and so on. An increasing number of assessment systems containing quantitative indicators for these aspects are currently being developed. In addition, however, SC should also address the societal aspect of sustainability. With respect to scientific research, the societal aspect is defined here by two requirements: (1) the assumptions, objectives and implications of chemical research and its technical application should be made more transparent to various societal actors; (2) uncertainty and ignorance should be treated more explicitly in the course of scientific research. Meeting these requirements is necessary in order to lift the division between the allegedly disinterested and non-normative scientific research and the value-laden sphere of societal needs, preferences and decision-making situations. This, in turn, is understood here as a contribution to a more sustainable scientific practice. We illustrate the two elements of SC--optimization of products and processes as well as including the societal aspect--with the examples of environmental chemistry, green chemistry and the environmental assessment of chemical products. While considerable progress has been made in these fields, the societal aspect of SC remains to be recognized more fully in all branches of chemical research. One prerequisite for this is the inclusion of SC into chemical education from the very beginning. 相似文献
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Bamboo in climate change and rural livelihoods 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Maxim Lobovikov Dieter Schoene Lou Yping 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2012,17(3):261-276
Climate change negotiations, assessments, and greenhouse gas inventory guidelines have all but bypassed bamboo. Disallowing
stands of tree-like bamboos as forests disparages their function in the carbon (C) cycle, and disregards pillars of smallholder
livelihoods. Exposing bamboo not as a panacea, but as an overlooked option for C conservation, sequestration, and adaptation,
we screen details of distribution, morphology, growth, physiology, and impacts for pertinence to climate change. Additional
to 40 million hectares of existing bamboo forests, many potential host countries for C projects harbor suitable sites. Definitions,
methods and default values, such as the root/shoot- ratio, biomass conversion factors, allometric equations and sampling variables
need adjusting. Rapid maturation, persistent rhizomes, a rich palette of species, and wind-firmness may mitigate risk. Bamboos
can accommodate agro-and urban forestry, and reign in unsustainable shifting cultivation. Distribution functions of bamboo
biomass stocks and growths do not deviate drastically from those of trees. If anything, bamboo stocks are slightly lower,
and growths slightly higher, with medians of 87 t*ha−1 and 10.5 t*ha−1*yr−1, respectively. However, bamboo’s outstanding socio-economic effects might well determine its future in mitigation and adaptation.
Early, continuous yields, selective harvesting on even small parcels of land, low capital and high labor intensity, virtually
100% conversion efficiency to about 1,500 products, and, typically, 75% of economic returns benefiting rural people are advantageous
attributes. Regional studies on suitability, silviculture, yields, economics, risk, and C assessment would strengthen bamboo’s
function as ‘the poor man’s timber’ and promote its niche as the smallholder’s C sink. 相似文献