OBJECTIVE: The main objectives of the study are to analyze fatal traffic-injury trends in 1987-2003 in Shanghai and predict its prevalence in near future and provide scientific data for the local governmental decision on developing practical working methods on traffic-injury prevention and control. METHODS: In this study, epidemiological method and Grey dynamic model GM (1,1) were introduced to analyze and forecast traffic-injury mortality rates respectively. RESULTS: There was an apparent increasing trend of traffic-related injuries in Shanghai from 1987 to 2003 with the rate of growth in motorization. The average rates of annual increase are 3.59% in fatalities (from 7.78 per 100,000 population to 14.18 per 100,000 population) during the period. Pedestrians were the most common type of victims (29.6%), followed by bicyclists (25.1%), and motorcyclists (24.1%). Males accounted for the majority of all victims, over 69%. The population of high-school and lower high-school education level represented 66.4% victims of total road-traffic injuries. And if no special factors effect its development, the traffic fatalities would be up to 17.84 per 100,000 population in 2010, when calculating from equations we found and validated Y(t) = 359.90 x e0.027(t-1)-352.13, (t = 1, 2, ..., N) for Shanghai. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate the risk of fatal traffic injuries has increased in recent years and will go on growing in the near future in Shanghai. The findings showed that Grey dynamic model GM (1,1) is eligible on the prediction and can be a tool for injuries forecasting, implementing effective policies, programs, and interventions for reducing traffic injuries in the big cities. 相似文献
Abstract Leather industry is an important light industry in China. Leather making requires a series of chemical treatment. Degreasing, unhairing and chrome tanning wastewaters are the main portions of tannery wastewater. Reclaiming and reusing these wastewaters can eliminate 80% of COD, 75% of BOD, 95% of chromium and 93% of sulfuret, furthermore reduce environment impact, decrease treatment costs, save chemicals and water. Some application methods of wastewater reclamation and reuse for different operations were reported. The suitable reclamation and reuse technologies can enable leather making processes more rational, and realize the recovery and recycle of several chemicals in the tannery. Resourceful utilization of tannery wastewater should mate with renovating production technology, updating equipment, and must be guaranteed sufficiently by environmental protection measures. 相似文献
Petroleum hydrocarbons, mainly consisting of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are considered as priority pollutants and biohazards in the environment, eventually affecting the ecosystem and human health. Though many previous studies have investigated the change of bacterial community and alkane degraders during the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, there is still lack of understanding on the impacts of soil alkane contamination level. In the present study, microcosms with different n-alkane contamination (1%, 3% and 5%) were set up and our results indicated a complete alkane degradation after 30 and 50 days in 1%- and 3%-alkane treatments, respectively. In all the treatments, alkanes with medium-chain length (C11-C14) were preferentially degraded by soil microbes, followed by C27-alkane in 3% and 5% treatments. Alkane contamination level slightly altered soil bacterial community, and the main change was the presence and abundance of dominant alkane degraders. Thermogemmatisporaceae, Gemmataceae and Thermodesulfovibrionaceae were highly related to the degradation of C14- and C27-alkanes in 5% treatment, but linked to alkanes with medium-chain (C11-C18) in 1% treatment and C21-alkane in 3% treatment, respectively. Additionally, we compared the abundance of three alkane-monooxygenase genes, e.g., alk_A, alk_P and alk_R. The abundance of alk_R gene was highest in soils, and alk_P gene was more correlated with alkane degradation efficiency, especially in 5% treatment. Our results suggested that alkane contamination level showed non-negligible effects on soil bacterial communities to some extents, and particularly shaped alkane degraders and degrading genes significantly. This study provides a better understanding on the response of alkane degraders and bacterial communities to soil alkane concentrations, which affects their biodegradation process.