Molecular mechanism for cadmium-induced anthocyanin accumulation in Azolla imbricata

Anthocyanins inducibly synthesized by Cd treatment showed high antioxidant activity and might be involved in internal detoxification mechanisms of Azolla imbricata against Cd toxicity. In order to understand anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanism during Cd stress, the cDNAs encoding chalcone synthase (CHS) and dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR), two key enzymes in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway, were isolated from A. imbricata. Deduced amino acid sequences of the cDNAs showed high homology to the sequences from other plants. Expression of AiDFR, and to a lesser extent AiCHS, was significantly induced in Cd treatment plant in comparison with the control. CHS and DFR enzymatic activities showed similar pattern changes with these genes expression during Cd stress. These results strongly indicate that Cd induced anthocyanin accumulation is probably mediated by up-regulation of structural genes including CHS and DFR, which might further increase the activities of enzymes encoded by these structural genes that control the anthocyanin biosynthetic steps.     

利用滩涂污灌土壤制备吸附剂

研究了滩涂污灌土壤吸附剂的制备方法。通过正交实验,比较了氯化锌、磷酸、氢氧化钾、盐酸几种活化剂在不同秸秆加入量、活化剂浓度、活化时间、活化温度的情况下制备的吸附剂,对水中邻硝基甲苯的吸附效果影响。实验结果表明,选择盐酸活化法制备吸附剂,在秸秆加入量为15%,经2 mol/L的盐酸按液固比为1∶1浸泡处理滩涂污灌土壤后,用氮气做保护气在400℃的条件下碳化1 h,制备的土壤吸附剂对水中邻硝基甲苯的吸附效率可以达到90%以上。     

分散填料曝气塔多相流态分析与传氧性能表征

针对分散填料曝气塔中多相流的流态与传氧过程,实验了布气方式以及海绵和陶粒2种填料对于体系的气含率εg、流态以及气-液传质性能的影响。在表观气速U范围(0.01～0.18 m/s)内观察到81孔布气板(Φ1 mm)体系出现3个明显相区,孔数过少(25孔),或者孔间距较小(225孔)均没有明显过渡区,在湍流区(U>0.118 m/s)3种布气板的气含率没有明显差别。海绵填料体积分数εs<25%时体系的气含率没有明显变化,35%时气含率下降且过渡区提前出现。在非均相区,海绵填料明显提高了体系的传质系数KLa。陶粒填料降低了气含率,固含率对εg的影响差别不明显,同时降低了多相流体系的KLa,且随着固含率的增加KLa降低。对比多种操作条件,单位体积空气传氧能力KLa/εg无明显差别,但在81孔布气板的过渡区KLa/εg出现一个明显的极小区间,说明过渡区传氧效率较低。在特定的实验操作条件下,KLa/εg较为稳定,这为深入理解两种气泡群体的共存体系在传氧性能方面各自的权重,提供了重要的量化参考。     

扬水曝气强化催化氧化去除水中有机微污染物

以γ-Al2O3为载体,采用浸渍焙烧法制备了负载型催化剂RuO2-CeO2/γ-Al2O3、Fe2O3-CeO2/γ-Al2O3、Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3。在扬水曝气条件下,以西安某水源水库水为原水,考察了各催化剂对有机微污染物的净化效果,实验发现,催化剂反复多次使用并无明显失活现象,连续使用20 d以消除单纯吸附的影响后,仍然可在7 d内使UV254、CODMn、DOC的去除率分别达到38%、28%和27%。离子溶出实验表明,Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3有很好的稳定性。综合考虑处理效果、制备工艺以及制备成本,选择Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3为最佳催化剂。为了使催化剂Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3具有最佳活性,分别考察了焙烧时间、焙烧温度、浸渍液浓度、浸渍时间等,并对其制备工艺进行了优化。然后反应前后水样的分子量测定结果表明,反应后大分子比例下降,而小分子比例提高,说明催化氧化将一定量的大分子降解成为小分子。     

南苕溪支流锦溪水质时空变化特征分析

综合运用灰色聚类法、综合污染指数法、等级聚类法就南苕溪支流锦溪近年水质时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明,锦溪入青山水库断面水质2005—2009年逐年改善,2007年后达到灰色聚类等级Ⅲ类水质要求;2009年秋季至2010年夏季期间秋、冬两季的污染程度高于春、夏季节;枯水期综合污染指数最高,但TN、TP污染分指数在丰水期最高,表明污染源中面源污染已占相当比例。空间变化方面从玲珑桥到江桥锦溪水质的综合污染指数不断提升,到江桥时达到极值13.25,锦溪末端三眼桥断面水质较江桥断面有所改善;SPSS空间聚类分析可分为轻污染区(从玲珑桥到冬韵桥)、重污染区(从群利桥到江桥)和中度污染区(从江桥到三眼桥)。锦溪上游农业区对河水中的COD、TN和TP的贡献率分别为66%、54%和49%,农业面源污染已成为制约锦溪水质改善的主要因素。     

Characterization of mercury species in brown and white rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in water-saving paddies

In China, total Hg (Hg_T) and methylmercury (MeHg) were quantified in rice grain grown in three sites using water-saving rice cultivation methods, and in one Hg-contaminated site, where rice was grown under flooded conditions. Polished white rice concentrations of Hg_T (water-saving: 3.3 ± 1.6 ng/g; flooded: 110 ± 9.2 ng/g) and MeHg (water-saving 1.3 ± 0.56 ng/g; flooded: 12 ± 2.4 ng/g) were positively correlated with root-soil Hg_T and MeHg contents (Hg_T: r² = 0.97, MeHg: r² = 0.87, p < 0.05 for both), which suggested a portion of Hg species in rice grain was derived from the soil, and translocation of Hg species from soil to rice grain was independent of irrigation practices and Hg levels, although other factors may be important. Concentrations of Hg_T and other trace elements were significantly higher in unmilled brown rice (p < 0.05), while MeHg content was similar (p > 0.20), indicating MeHg infiltrated the endosperm (i.e., white rice) more efficiently than inorganic Hg(II).     

Embryonic exposure to low concentration of bisphenol A affects the development of Oryzias melastigma larvae

The prevalence of bisphenol A (BPA) in the environment has attracted increasing attention because of the toxicity of this manmade pollutant. However, the toxicity related to cardiac development remains largely unknown. In the present paper, we investigated the cardiac toxicity of BPA using marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) embryos. At 2?days postfertilization (dpf), the embryos were continuously exposed to a low concentration of BPA (200?μg/L) for the whole embryonic stage. Heart rate and sinus venosus (SV)-bulbus arteriosus (BA) distance were measured under microscopy. The mRNA expression levels of genes were quantified by SYBR real-time RT-PCR, and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to examine the histology of fish larvae hearts. Neither the heart rate nor the SV-BA distance of the embryos was affected by BPA exposure. However, the mRNA expression levels of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, BMP4, COX-1, FGF8, GATA4, and NKX2.5 were all downregulated at the critical developmental stages (6 and 10?dpf). Interestingly, the mRNA expression levels of COX-2 and LERP were significantly upregulated at 10?dpf. The mRNA expressions of inflammation-related genes (TNFα, IL1β, SOD, and CCL11) were all significantly upregulated after exposure. Moreover, we found that both the body length and the body width decreased in the larvae after embryonic exposure to BPA. The distributed foci of inflammation were observed in the juveniles after 2?weeks' depuration. Exposure to BPA at embryonic stages could alter the expression of heart development-related genes and inflammation-related genes of O. melastigma. The larvae hatched from exposed embryos showed the foci of inflammation in the heart ventricles and the decrease of the body length and width.     

粉煤灰合成NaX型分子筛的表征及其对Fe~（2＋）离子的吸附研究

以高温碱熔融处理粉煤灰合成了NaX型沸石分子筛,考察了不同水热晶化温度对产物结果的影响,用粉末XRD、XRF、SEM和FT-IR等手段对产品进行了表征,结果表明,以粉煤灰为原料用水热合成法合成微孔分子筛时,在晶化温度为90℃时能得到晶形较好的NaX型分子筛。同时考察了NaX分子筛的用量、时间和pH值等因素对Fe2＋离子的吸附影响,在25 mL Fe2＋离子浓度为2×103 mg/L的溶液中,当吸附剂用量为0.2 g,吸附时间为2 h,吸附效率达到最大值（36.41%）,而随着溶液pH值的升高其吸附效率显著增大。     

微波纳米磁粉协同作用处理污泥的研究

将粒径范围在10～20 nm之间的磁粉加入到原污泥中,在微波场中辐射,考察0.5～5 min辐射时间内污泥可生化性能、沉降性能和脱水性能的改善效果.结果表明,在微波和纳米磁粉的协同作用下,污泥快速发生水解,5 min内VSS溶解率达到34.62%,COD溶出率达到13.38%,在显微镜下观察到污泥微生物细胞发生了破裂;...     

改性沸石吸附低浓度氨氮废水及其脱附的研究

采用氯化钠溶液对浙江某地天然沸石改性,以低浓度氨氮废水为处理对象,比较了天然沸石和改性沸石的吸附等温线、吸附动力学和动态吸附,并进行了改性沸石的动态脱附研究.结果表明,沸石的平衡吸附量随着平衡浓度的增大而增大;Freundlich方程比Langmuir方程更好地描述沸石吸附低浓度氨氮废水的行为,改性沸石比天然沸石具有更...