Carbon nanotubes and Cu–Zn nanoparticles synthesis using hyperaccumulator plants

This article reports a novel way to synthesize carbon nanotubes and Cu/ZnO nanoparticles using metal hyperaccumulator plants. Metal hyperaccumulator plants are traditionally used for phytoremediation to clean soil polluted by toxic metals. However, the transfer of toxic metals in plant shoots and leaves is an environmental issue because animals and other living organisms feeding on plants will transfer the metals to the ecosystem. Therefore, we suggest that hyperaccumulator plants could be used to synthesize nanoparticles. Here, Brassica juncea L., a Cu-hyperaccumulator plant, was collected around a copper mine and used as a raw chemical to produce carbon nanotubes and Cu/ZnO nanoparticles. The chlorophyll in shoots of B. juncea plants was ethanol extracted to yield chlorophyllin. Cu and Zn were extracted by HNO₃ to form Cu/Zn(NO₃)₂. The chlorophyllin reacted with Cu/Zn(NO₃)₂ to form Cu/Zn chlorophyllin. Cu/ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by direct precipitation of Cu/Zn chlorophyllin with NaOH and ethanol. The vascular bundles in B. juncea plants, which have been purified and carbonized by HNO₃, were rapidly heated to about 400°C and then they were cooled to room temperature to obtain carbon nanotubes. Results indicate that the outer diameter of carbon nanotubes was around 80 nm. Cu/ZnO nanoparticles have a Cu_0.05Zn_0.95O composition, and had a diameter of about 97 nm. Our study not only inspires the search for a new strategy on the synthesis of nanostructure from renewable natural products, but also breaks through the traditional and limited ideas about the reuse of metals by hyperaccumulator plants.     

Comparative studies of the fate of atrazine‐14C and pentachlorophenol‐14C in various laboratory and outdoor soil‐plant systems

Abstract

Mass balance and fate of atrazine‐ ¹⁴C and pentachlorophenol‐ ¹⁴C (PCP‐ ¹⁴C) were studied in short‐term tests in a closed aerated laboratory soil‐plant system, using two concentrations in soil and two plant species, as well as under outdoor conditions for one vegetation period. In the laboratory, for both pesticides bioaccu‐mulation factors of radiocarbon taken up by the roots into plants were low. They were higher for lower (1 ppm) than for higher soil concentrations (6 ppm for atra‐zine, 4 ppm for pentachlorophenol) and varied with the plant species. Mineralization to ¹⁴CO₂ in soil was negatively related to soil concentration only for PCP‐ ¹⁴C. Conversion rates in soil including the formation of soil‐bound residues were higher for the lower concentrations of both pesticides than for the higher ones; conversion rates in plants were species‐dependent. In 14 terms of CO₂ formation and of conversion rates, PCP was less persistent in soil than was atrazine. For both pesticides, laboratory data on conversion and mineralization gave a rough prediction of their persistence in soil under long‐term outdoor conditions, whereas bio‐accumulation factors in plants under long‐term outdoor conditions could not be predicted by short‐term laboratory experiments.     

Lead-induced oxidative damage in steriled seedlings of Nymphoides peltatum

The effects of increasing concentrations of lead (Pb) on Pb accumulation and its influence on nutrient elements, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, generation of superoxide anion (O₂ ^?·), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content, antioxidant enzymes activities, soluble protein, and photosynthetic pigment, as well as chloroplast ultrastructure in steriled seedlings of Nymphoides peltata (S. G. Gmel.) Kuntze were investigated in order to understand Pb-induced toxicity. The accumulation of Pb was found to increase in a concentration-dependent manner. Nutrient elements (Ca, K, Fe, Mn, and Mo) were also affected. MDA content and O₂ ^?· generation rate increased progressively, while H₂O₂ content first boosted up at a low Pb concentration of 12.5 μM but then declined. Guaiacol peroxidase and catalase activities increased alternately, while superoxide dismutase activity gradually fell. Negative correlations were found between Pb and soluble protein and photosynthetic pigment. Moreover, Pb exposure resulted in a significant damage of chloroplasts. Taken together, these findings supported the hypothesis that Nymphoides peltatum underwent oxidative stress induced by Pb. In addition, both the disorder of nutrient elements and the damage to the ultrastructure of chloroplasts were indicative of general disarray in the cellular functions exerted by Pb.     

基于Logistic模型的中国各省碳排放预测

在“碳排放量与能源消费成正比”假设的基础上,对中国30个省区2011～2020年碳排放进行了预测。首先对中国30个省区1987～2010年的历史累计排放量和人均累计排放量进行计算,依据历史累计排放量和人均累计排放量两个指标,运用K-均值聚类分析法将中国各省区碳排放分成了5类。分别绘出5类区域中各省的历年碳排放量曲线,并进行数据分析,发现：以2002年为界线,2002年前后两个时段中国各省区碳排放变化差异很大。这一现象说明2002年以前的各省碳排放趋势并不能表征未来年份各省的碳排放。在此结论的基础上,构建了碳排放量增长的Logistic预测模型,并以2002～2010年碳排放数据为样本数据,对2011～2020年中国各省区碳排放进行了预测。为了验证预测模型的精确性,利用Logistic预测模型对中国30个省区2002～2010年的碳排放进行了预测,并将预测值与实际排放值进行比较发现,除了宁夏自治区的误差达1458%外,其他地区的误差均在7%以下。除宁夏外的中国各省区预测误差的平均值为622%,由此验证了Logistic预测模型的精确性。同时,也说明对中国30个省区2011～2020年碳排放的预测值具有较高的可信性。本研究为中国各省未来碳排放政策的制定提供了方法与数据支持     

Indoor air pollution from solid fuel on children pneumonia in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

An updated systematic review was conducted to assessing on the association between indoor air pollution caused by household energy consumption and childhood pneumonia in low- and middle-income countries. We performed a meta-analysis from the electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane library, Web of Science, EMBASE. Studies were selected when they reported childhood pneumonia or ALRI in relation to indoor air pollution resulted from solid fuel. Studies must provide results on exposure prevalence of children aged below 5 years from Asia or Africa. We devoted ourselves to identifying randomized controlled experiments and observational epidemiological researches, which revealed the relation between household usage of solid fuel and childhood pneumonia. Among 1954 articles, 276 were reviewed thoroughly and 16 conduced to such a meta-analysis. It was found that there is a significant relationship between the solid fuel combustion and increasing risk of childhood pneumonia (OR?=?1.66, 95%CI 1.36–2.02). The summary odds ratios from biomass use and mixed fuel use were, respectively, 1.86 (95%CI 1.15–3.02) and 1.58 (95%CI 1.38–1.81), with substantial between study heterogeneity (I²?=?87.2% and 29.2%, respectively). According to the subgroup analysis along with the meta-regression analysis, the risk of using solid fuel in Asian regions is higher than that in African regions. Studies based on non-hospital participates (I²?=?49.5%) may also a source of heterogeneity. We found that indoor air pollution generated by the usage of solid fuel might be a significant risk factor for pneumonia in children and suggested improving the indoor air quality by promoting cleaner fuel will be important in undeveloped countries.

     

石油醚为油相的乳状液膜稳定性研究

以石油醚为油相,以聚异丁烯单丁二酰亚胺(T151)、聚异丁烯多丁二酰亚胺(T155)为表面活性剂,制备了W/O(W代表水相,O代表油相,下同)单重乳液和W/O/W多重乳液,并进行了乳状液膜稳定性的研究.以破乳率、泄漏率和表观溶胀率为衡量指标,考察了表面活性剂种类和用量、油水比(油相体积与内水相体积的比)、乳水比(W/O单重乳液的体积与外水相体积的比)、制乳转速等参数对乳状液膜稳定性的影响.结果表明,表面活性剂的用量、油水比、乳水比和制乳转速均存在最佳值,即:(a)T151体积分数6%,油水比1:1,一次制乳转速3 000 r/min,乳水比为1:6,二次制乳转速300 r/min;(b)T155体积分数4%,油水比1:1,一次制乳转速4 000 r/min,乳水比为1:8,二次制乳转速400 r/min,此时的W/O/W多重乳液乳状液膜最稳定.     

土壤中胡敏酸提取方法的优化

以国际腐殖质协会(IHSS)推荐的胡敏酸提取方法为基础,以去有机质土壤中添加胡敏酸所配制的土壤为研究对象,引入超声作为胡敏酸提取的辅助条件,采用批次试验优化了土壤中胡敏酸的提取方法。结果表明,基于胡敏酸提取回收率和精密度,在室温下获得的优化提取方法为:液土比为8:1、提取次数为3次、Na OH溶液浓度为0.05 mol/L、超声功率为120 W、超声时间为30 min;在此优化条件下,胡敏酸的回收率为94.73%±1.50%,显著大于IHSS推荐方法的回收率64.76%±0.28%,变异系数CV为1.59%、小于10%。相对于IHSS提取法,此优化提取法具有胡敏酸提取回收率高、资源节约、胡敏酸变性小、提取时间短等优点。     

养殖库区富营养化水体的修复研究

采用生物修复的方式对已经污染的养殖库区水体进行修复,实验证明:黑藻对养殖水体中的COD的修复效果比较好,修复率达到20.5%;金鱼藻为养殖水体提供了较高的溶解氧,对养殖水体中的氨氮的修复效果较好,修复率为8.0%;而绿菊草在养殖水体修复过程中,对总磷的修复效果较为明显,修复率为32.0%。综合来看,金鱼藻对该水体的综合修复效果较好。在微生物修复中,当V(EM):V(养殖水体)为10/10 000时,COD和氨氮去除率较高,同时也能使总磷的去除达到显著的效果,而且不影响养殖水体的pH值。     

农村水污染防治源头控制政策与技术研究

从源头控制农业污染源进入水体,是实现水质提升的重要途径.目前中国农村污水防治政策制度进入强化和完善阶段,但在某些细化领域还存在空白.农村生活污水和畜禽养殖污水的治理技术比较成熟,而农业种植径流、水产养殖污水、坑塘污水等农村污染源,还未有相关的治理技术指南发布.建议从完善政策法规、强化执法和激励,做好农村发展规划,合理安排种植业、养殖业布局,以及加强资金投入与环境监管等方面加强农村水污染防治工作.     

Ca/Mg负载改性沼渣生物炭对水中磷的吸附特性

为处理含磷废水和实现沼渣资源化利用,将农业废弃物沼渣制备成生物炭(ZZs),通过Ca Cl2和MgCl2溶液对其进行浸渍改性,探究改性沼渣生物炭(CMZZs)对水体中磷的吸附特征.结果表明,改性后沼渣生物炭钙镁含量分别是改性前的1. 3和15. 4倍; SEM-EDS、BET、FTIR和XRD等测定表明,改性未改变生物炭表面化学官能团种类,但改性后生物炭出现新的衍射峰,与标准卡片对比后认为可能存在Mg(OH)_2、MgO等物质.当温度为303 K,溶液pH为9. 0时,CMZZs最大吸附量为76. 92 mg·g~(-1),是改性前的30. 1倍.等温吸附实验数据符合Freundlich方程,为多层吸附.吸附动力学分析发现,改性后生物炭在100 min内基本达到吸附平衡,吸附过程符合假二级动力学方程,以化学吸附为主.上述结果说明钙镁改性沼渣生物炭对于去除水中磷具有潜在价值.