Size-resolved effective density of submicron particles during summertime in the rural atmosphere of Beijing, China

Particle density is an important physical property of atmospheric particles.The information on high time-resolution size-resolved particle density is essential for understanding the atmospheric physical and chemical aging processes of aerosols particles.In the present study,a centrifugal particle mass analyzer(CPMA) combined with a differential mobility analyzer(DMA) was deployed to determine the size-resolved effective density of 50 to 350 nm particles at a rural site of Beijing during summer 2016.The measured particle effective densities decreased with increasing particle sizes and ranged from 1.43 to 1.55 g/cm~3,on average.The effective particle density distributions were dominated by a mode peaked at around 1.5 g/cm~3 for 50 to350 nm particles.Extra modes with peaks at 1.0,0.8,and 0.6 g/cm3 for 150,240,and 350 nm particles,which might be freshly emitted soot particles,were observed during intensive primary emissions episodes.The particle effective densities showed a diurnal variation pattern,with higher values during daytime.A case study showed that the effective density of Aitken mode particles during the new particle formation(NPF) event decreased considerably,indicating the significant contribution of organics to new particle growth.     

苯酚羟化酶基因工程菌表达优化及特性研究

利用表面响应法优化苯酚羟化酶基因工程菌(PH_IND)的生长条件(种龄、接种量)及表达条件(诱导OD600、IPTG浓度、诱导时间、诱导温度),并对其粗酶特性进行考察.实验结果表明,菌株PH_IND的最佳生长条件及表达条件为:种龄7.19h,接种量1.39%,诱导OD6000.54,IPTG浓度0.19mmol·L-1,诱导时间2.37h,诱导温度35℃,此时,苯酚羟化酶最大酶活力为0.6167U·mg-1.粗酶特性分析表明,苯酚羟化酶的最适pH和温度分别为8.0和40℃.Ba2+、Fe3+、Hg2+、Pb2+对苯酚羟化酶有明显促进作用,而Ca2+、Co2+、Cu2+、Mg2+、Mn2+对苯酚羟化酶有抑制作用.底物广谱性实验表明,苯酚羟化酶具有极强的芳香化合物降解能力.     

毛细管色谱-多离子检测质谱法测定土壤中2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二噁(2,3,7,8-TCDD)

环境中的多氯二苯并二(口恶)(口英)(PCDD_s)和多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDF_s)是当今最受重视的污染物之一,其中PCDD_s有75个异构体而PCDF_s有135个异构体,它们的毒性大小显著地依赖于氯原子的取代数和取代位置,由于这类污染物的低溶解度和高的辛醇/水分配系数,主要分布在土壤(85％)和沉积物(14％)中,只有1％进入空气、水和生物体.在自然环境中这类污染物代谢降解速度缓慢,从而增加了环境污染的复杂性.而鉴别这类污染物就成为一个主要研究课题.     

地下水位上升过程硝态氮(硝酸盐)污染变化规律研究

地下水水位上升会造成包气带外源污染物的输入,如硝态氮,同时引起浅层地下水水环境变化.为了研究水位上升过程对硝态氮(硝酸盐)的影响,选取北京市通州区代表性介质,建立室内砂槽实验,探究水位上升过程硝态氮的二维迁移转化规律.实验结果表明:随着地下水位上升,砂槽从上至下,从左至右,溶解氧和氧化还原电位含量均逐渐降低,地下水逐渐...     

水稻土中挥发性含硫气体的释放

通过建立野外采样系统,对一个生长周期内水稻土释放的挥发性含硫气体进行了检测.研究结果表明:水稻土中释放的含硫气体主要为COS、CS₂和DMS,并有少量的DMDS.估算出的各含硫气体的释放通量分别为81.11、6.33和10.71 mg·(m²·a)^-1.我国水稻土释放含硫气体的通量为(S)0.013662 Tg/a,全球为(S)0.07992Tg/a     

甘蔗渣水解-氧化-水解法制取草酸

开发出一种以甘蔗渣为原料用水解-氧化-水解法制取草酸的工艺。最佳反应条件：硫酸浓度为70％(质量分数),物料浸泡时间为3h,硝酸与甘蔗渣质量比为2．24：1,氧化一水解反应时间为5h,反应温度为65～70℃。在这种条件下制得的草酸二水合物的收率可达80％左右。     

中国火法铜冶炼污染物排放情景分析

基于目前中国火法炼铜的污染物产生特点,即冶炼过程中污染物产生差别主要体现在熔炼阶段工艺技术水平的高低,本文根据产业发展战略导向,对现行的熔炼工艺即先进熔池炉、闪速炉熔炼技术和传统鼓风炉熔炼技术设定情景：当2015年精炼铜产量达到500万t时,熔池、闪速、鼓风熔炼三种工艺的比重分别为：情景-50％、40％和10％。情景二60％、40％和0,情景三70％、30％和0。以2007年的冻结情景为基准,对污染物的产生量与排放量进行情景分析。结果表明,情景三是最优方案,在铜产量大幅增加的同时,通过工艺结构调整、促进废物资源化利用,基本可以实现主要污染物的排放不增加,这对火法炼铜行业污染物减排管理决策具有参考价值。     

我国南方某填埋场作业面氨气释放和扩散规律分析

为了研究氨气对填埋场周边环境的影响,采用现场静态箱试验测试了杭州市某填埋场作业面氨气的释放速率.把静态箱方法得到的氨气释放通量作为Calpuff模型及高斯模型释放源强,对填埋场中氨气的扩散进行了模拟,并将两种方法得出的氨气扩散范围进行了比较.结果表明:研究区由于气温等原因,氨气释放通量8月最强,1月最弱,两者相差达4倍.Calpuff模拟结果表明源强越大,最终扩散距离越远,且氨气浓度在距作业面300~600 m处达到最大.高斯模型模拟结果表明,该地区大气稳定度较稳定条件下(E级)更有利于氨气的扩散;风速越大,氨气在扩散过程中越易被稀释,最终扩散影响距离越短.大气稳定度为E级条件下,Calpuff模型得出影响距离是高斯模型结果的1.16~1.69倍,高斯模型相对于Calpuff模型低估了该地区氨气扩散的能力.该现场试验和模型模拟的结果对填埋场臭气控制具有重要的指导意义.     

Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and vegetables from wastewater irrigated area, Beijing-Tianjin city cluster, China

The possible health risks of heavy metals contamination to local population through food chain were evaluated in Beijing and Tianjin city cluster, China, where have a long history of sewage irrigation. The transfer factors (TF) for heavy metals from soil to vegetables for six elements including Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, As and Cd were calculated and the pollution load indexes (PLI) were also assessed. Results indicate that only Cd exceeded the maximum acceptable limit in these sites. So far, the heavy metal concentrations in soils and vegetables were all below the permissible limits set by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China and World Health Organization. The transfer factors of six heavy metals showed the trend as Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb > As > Cr, which were dependent on the vegetable species. The estimated dietary intakes of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, As and Cd were far below the tolerable limits and the target hazard quotient (THQ) values were less than 1, which suggested that the health risks of heavy metals exposure through consuming vegetables were generally assumed to be safe.     

Effect of pyrene on denitrification activity and abundance and composition of denitrifying community in an agricultural soil

Toxicity of pyrene on the denitrifiers was studied by spiking an agricultural soil with pyrene to a series of concentrations (0-500 mg kg⁻¹) followed by dose-response and dynamic incubation experiments. Results showed a positive correlation between potential denitrification activity and copy numbers of denitrifying functional genes (nirK, nirS and nosZ), and were both negatively correlated with pyrene concentrations. Based on the comparison of EC₅₀ values, denitrifiers harboring nirK, nirS or nosZ gene were more sensitive than denitrification activity, and denitrifiers harboring nirS gene were more sensitive than that harboring nirK or nosZ genes. Seven days after spiking with EC₅₀ concentration of pyrene, denitrifiers diversity decreased and community composition changed in comparison with the control. Phylogenetic analyses of three genes showed that the addition of pyrene increased the proportion of Bradyrhizobiaceae, Rhodospirillales, Burkholderiales and Pseudomonadales. Some species belonging to these groups were reported to be able to degrade PAHs.