水污染源在线设备比对监测问题与解决方案——以长沙市在线监测系统为例

总结了长沙市7年来水污染源在线监测系统开展比对监测工作的情况,对氨氮、p H、重金属比对监测存在的问题进行了剖析,分析了在线监测仪器比对不合格的原因以及目前在线监测仪器部分项目缺乏误差标准等亟待解决的问题,研究出各因子误差的合理区间,提出了切实可行的解决方案:氨氮应该按照检测浓度高低确定误差范围;p H质控样不应使用相对误差,建议采用±0.3 p H的绝对误差;重金属实际水样浓度小于一定量时,用接近水样浓度的低浓度质控样替代。     

岷江上游水电开发对环境的影响

岷江上游水力资源十分丰富，随着西部大开发的进行，它已成为水电开发的重点区域，干流及支流的电站建设加速进行。自源头至汶川上游河段，实行六级梯级开发方案。但由于岷江水电工程主要是涵洞引水式，原来奔腾的河流变成了地下暗流，使得岷江的多处河段变得干涸，河谷的自然生境和景观发生了很大的变化，原来的干旱河谷气候变得更加干旱。也使河流生物系统受到严重影响。作者在对长江上游考察的基础上对岷江上游水电开发现状及其对环境的影响进行了分析，提出应该进行流域统一规划，强化执法监督，水电开发与环境保护建设并重；加强上中下游统一管理，注重流域综合开发等建议。     

莱钢银前265m~2烧结机脱硫废水处理及综合利用

简述了烧结烟气有机胺脱硫及副产硫酸工艺,分析了废水来源、成分和水量,设计脱硫废水处理技术,实现了废水综合利用。每年利用废水6.8万t,降低烧结成本34万元。     

Alkaline ameliorants increase nitrous oxide emission from acidified black soil in Northeastern China

Lime and plant ash are common management used to achieve optimum pH for plant growth and improve soil properties in agricultural soils. Laboratory incubation was conducted to assess N₂0 emissions as influenced by different soil amendments (lime and plant ash) in a slightly acidic arable soil (pH 5.34). The experimental treatments consisted of CK, lime and plant ash fertilized with NH₄⁺-N or N0₃^?-N as nitrogen resource. The results show that lime and plant ash dramatically increases the soil pH and N₂0 emission. For N0₃^?-N fertilization, the cumulative N₂0 emissions from CK, lime and ash are 421, 1669 and 921 μg N₂0-N/kg, respectively. For NH₄⁺-N fertilization, the cumulative N₂0 emissions from CK, lime and ash are 361, 576 and 559 μg N₂0-N/kg, respectively. N0₃^?-N addition leads to more N₂0 emission than that of NH₄⁺-N addition, and lime increases more N₂0 emission than that of plant ash. After incubation, N0₃^?-N content decreased largely. The findings suggested that alkaline ameliorants increase N₂0 emissions due to enhancement of soil denitrification.     

嵌入式碳纳米管电极差分脉冲伏安法测定湖泊沉积物中铅

制备嵌入式多壁碳纳米管修饰石墨电极（ESCFE）,利用循环伏安法研究铅（Pb）的电化学行为及反应机理,结果表明,铅在修饰电极表面出现了一对明显的准可逆的氧化还原峰,发生了2质子的电化学氧化反应。用差分脉冲伏安法研究了铅离子浓度与其峰电流的线性关系,线性范围为1．8×10^-7～1．0×10^-5g／L,线性方程为：ipa（μA）=0．12＋1．471c×10^6（g/L）,r=0．9999,检出限为6．0×10^-8g／L,RSD％为1．015（n=5）。利用本法对湖泊沉积物中铅进行测定,样品铅含量：0．218～0．6317mg／kg,RSD：3．3％～6．2％,加标回收率：94．3％-106．6％。     

高效菌种处理制药废水的研究

青霉素在其生产过程中排放出高浓度有机废液水,该废液COD浓度高,成分复杂,可生化性差,是环境工程领域的研究难题。文章提出一种高效菌种处理青霉素废水的技术,试验表明,用此高效菌种处理制药废水有较好的处理效果。     

纳米SiO2在含阴离子表面活性剂低浊水处理中的应用

在含有阴离子表面活性剂-十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）的6NTU高岭土悬浊液中,改变SDS的浓度,投加纳米SiO2与聚合铝PAC进行动态混凝实验与静沉实验,借助图像分析技术与分形理论,探讨了纳米SiO2与PAC处理含SDS低浊水的作用机理、絮凝效果与形态学特征。结果表明：①纳米SiO2与SDS使高岭土粒子表面负电性增强。纳米SiO2的絮凝机理以吸附架桥为主。②纳米SiO2对SDS的去除效果优于PAC。SDS浓度越高,去除效果越显著。但纳米SiO2对无机高岭土粒子的处理能力不如PAC,PAC絮凝后的上清液浊度低。当SDS浓度增至10mg／L时,纳米SiO2对SDS的去除率高,而PAC对SDS的絮凝能力弱,PAC对无机颗粒的去除效果也下降。③助凝剂纳米SiO2较强的吸附活性能加快PAC絮体成长为结构密实的RLCA构型,分维值高,絮凝效果好。     

太湖水体中氮、磷空间分布特征及环境效应

研究分析了太湖水体中氮、磷空间分布规律. 结果表明,太湖水体中各种形态氮、磷的空间分布呈现出非均一性特征,梅梁湾、竺山湾、贡湖湾、西岸区和湖心区水体中总氮、总磷浓度显著高于其他湖区,溶解态氮/磷、碎屑氮/磷的空间分布规律与总氮/磷的基本一致. 总氮与溶解态氮、碎屑态氮之间存在显著的线性正相关,且相关系数分别为r_DN=0.819 2和r_DeN=0.696 9;总磷与溶解态磷、碎屑态磷也存在极显著的线性正相关,对应的相关系数为r_DP=0.747 7和r_DeP=0.926 0. 水体中叶绿素a的空间分布差异较大,最高浓度出现在太湖的西部(179.2 μg·L^-1±25.9 μg·L^-1),最低的则出现在东太湖七都水域附近(11.3 μg·L^-1±2.7 μg·L^-1). 叶绿素a与总氮、碎屑态氮、总磷、溶解态磷、碎屑态磷、高锰酸盐指数、pH值和悬浮质存在显著的线性正相关,对应相关系数为r_TN=0.662 2、r_DeN=0.873 9、r_TP=0.813 0、r_DP=0.407 7、r_DeP=0.878 1、r_COD=0.868 9、r_pH=0.517 3和r_SS=0.533 4,与溶解态氮、电导率和碱度之间相关不显著.     

Possible solutions for sludge dewatering in China

In China, over 1.43×10⁷ tons of dewatered sewage sludge, with 80% water content, were generated from wastewater treatment plants in 2007. About 60% of the COD removed during the wastewater treatment process becomes concentrated as sludge. Traditional disposal methods used by municipal solid waste treatment facilities, such as landfills, composting, or incineration, are unsuitable for sludge disposal because of its high water content. Disposal of sludge has therefore become a major focus of current environmental protection policies. The present status of sludge treatment and disposal methodology is introduced in this paper. Decreasing the energy consumption of sludge dewatering from 80% to 50% has been a key issue for safe and economic sludge disposal. In an analysis of sludge water distribution, thermal drying and hydrothermal conditioning processes are compared. Although thermal drying could result in an almost dry sludge, the energy consumption needed for this process is extremely high. In comparison, hydrothermal technology could achieve dewatered sewage sludge with a 50%–60% water content, which is suitable for composting, incineration, or landfill. The energy consumption of hydrothermal technology is lower than that required for thermal drying.     

Biased sex ratio and low population density increase male mating success in the bug Nysius huttoni (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae)

Demographic factors such as operational sex ratio (OSR) and local population density (LPD) are temporally and spatially dynamic in the natural environment but the influence of these variables on male mating success and the mechanisms behind it are still poorly understood and highly controversial. Here, we manipulated the OSR and LPD of a seed bug, Nysius huttoni, and carried out a series of mating trials to test how these variables affected male mating success. The two demographic factors had no significant interactions, suggesting that they affect male mating success independently in N. huttoni. In this species male mating success was significantly higher in both male- and female-biased OSR than in even OSR. It is suggested that, in male-biased OSR, the increased intensity of competition and interference does not result in lower male mating success; rather, males may make more effort in courting and females may have more chance to encounter better males, resulting in higher male mating success. In female-biased OSR, females may become less choosy and less likely to reject male mating attempt, leading to the higher male mating success. Lower male mating success in N. huttoni in high LPD may be due to increased interference between males and/or delayed female receptiveness for mating. OSR had a stronger effect on male mating success than LPD in N. huttoni, suggesting that OSR and LPD affect mating success in different ways and intensities.