Biochars derived from carp residues: characteristics and copper immobilization performance in water environments

● P-rich carp residues-derived biochars presented excellent Cu sorption capacity. ● Sorption mechanisms of Cu on CRBs were mainly precipitation and surface complexation. ● CRBs could immobilize Cu and reduce its bioavailability in aquatic environment. Heavy metal pollution has attracted worldwide attention because of its adverse impact on the aquatic environment and human health. The production of biochar from biowaste has become a promising strategy for managing animal carcasses and remediating heavy metal pollution in the aquatic environment. However, the sorption and remediation performance of carp residue-derived biochar (CRB) in Cu-polluted water is poorly understood. Herein, batches of CRB were prepared from carp residues at 450–650 °C (CRB450–650) to investigate their physicochemical characteristics and performance in the sorption and remediation of Cu-polluted water. Compared with a relatively low-temperature CRB (e.g., CRB450), the high-temperature biochar (CRB650) possessed a large surface area and thermodynamic stability. CRB650 contained higher oxygen-containing functional groups and P-associated minerals, such as hydroxyapatite. As the pyrolytic temperature increased from 450 to 650°C, the maximum sorption capacity of the CRBs increased from 26.5 to 62.5 mg/g. The adsorption process was a type of monolayer adsorption onto homogenous materials, and the sorption of Cu²⁺ on the CRB was mainly based on chemical adsorption. The most effective potential adsorption mechanisms were in order of electrostatic attraction and cation-π interaction > surface complexation and precipitation > pore-filling and cation exchange. Accordingly, the CRBs efficiently immobilized Cu²⁺ and reduced its bioavailability in water. These results provide a promising strategy to remediate heavy metal-polluted water using designer biochars derived from biowastes, particularly animal carcasses.     

一种基于社会力的行人-自行车混合疏散模型及模拟研究

当公共安全事件发生时,借助自行车进行疏散是一种重要方式。针对这种情况,开展了行人-自行车混合疏散建模和模拟研究。为了更好量化自行车的超越行为,引入了临时期望运动方向,改变自行车的自驱力,实现对自行车避让超越行为的细致描述;修改了单车模型来更新自行车的运动,建立了一种多层次的自行车运动子模型。将该模型与行人社会力模型相结合,得到一种基于社会力的行人-自行车混合疏散模型“MixSF”。模拟发现,MixSF能够较好地再现混合疏散中的超越行为。在实验条件下,发现个体密度小于0.548人/m²时,自行车占比的增加能加快疏散;相对密度大于0.81时,自行车失去疏散速度优势。     

固相微萃取-便携式GC/MS快速测定水中痕量有机磷农药

采用固相微萃取-便携式气相色谱/质谱联用法（In situ SPME/GC-MS）分析地表水和废水中6种有机磷农药,通过优化测定条件,使6种有机磷农药在200 μg/L~500 μg/L范围内线性良好。方法检出限为033 μg/L～122 μg/L,低、高质量浓度标准溶液6次测定结果的RSD为68%~175%,加标回收率为849%~109%,与实验室方法的测定结果基本一致。     

Characterization of alkali-activated thermally treated incinerator bottom ash

The fine fraction (<14mm) of incinerator bottom ash (IBA) obtained from a UK energy from waste plant has been milled and thermally treated at 600, 700, 800 and 880 degrees C. Treated materials have been activated with Ca(OH)(2) (10wt%) and the setting times and compressive strengths at different curing times measured. In addition to decomposition of CaCO(3) to CaO, thermal treatment increases the content of gehlenite (Ca(2)Al(2)SiO(7)), wollastonite (CaSiO(3)) and mayenite (Ca(12)Al(14)O(33)). Thermally treated samples were significantly more reactive than milled IBA and heating to 700 degrees C produced a material which rapidly set. Silica, gehlenite and wollastonite were the main crystalline phases present in hydrated samples and a mixed sulphate-carbonate AFm-type phase (Ca(4)Al(2)O(6)(CO(3))(0.67)(SO(3))(0.33).11H(2)O) formed. Significant volumes of gas were generated during curing and this produced a macro-porous microstructure that limited strength to 2.8MPa. The new materials may have potential for use as controlled low-strength materials.     

Removal of organic compounds during treating printing and dyeing wastewater of different process units

Wastewater in Shaoxing wastewater treatment plant (SWWTP) is composed of more than 90% dyeing and printing wastewater with high pH and sulfate. Through a combination process of anaerobic acidogenic [hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 15h], aerobic (HRT of 20h) and flocculation-precipitation, the total COD removal efficiency was up to 91%. But COD removal efficiency in anaerobic acidogenic unit was only 4%. As a comparison, the COD removal efficiency was up to 35% in the pilot-scale upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor (HRT of 15h). GC-MS analysis showed that the response abundance of these wastewater samples decreased with their removal of COD. A main component of the raw influent was long-chain n-alkanes. The final effluent of SWWTP had only four types of alkanes. After anaerobic unit at SWWTP, the mass percentage of total alkanes to total organic compounds was slightly decreased while its categories increased. But in the UASB, alkanes categories could be removed by 75%. Caffeine as a chemical marker could be detected only in the effluent of the aerobic process. Quantitative analysis was given. These results demonstrated that GC-MS analysis could provide an insight to the measurement of organic compounds removal.     

利用基因工程菌BL21处理有机磷混合农药废水的研究

研究了悬浮状态和固定化状态的基因工程菌BL21对有机磷混合农药废水的降解特性.工程菌能快速、高效地降解有机磷混合农药,其最适底物是对硫磷,而马拉硫磷不能被工程菌降解.不同农药降解速率的差别造成了不同有机磷农药的降解过程需要用不同的动力学模型来描述.比较固定化状态和悬浮状态的工程菌的降解效果可知,固定化工程菌的降解活性较后者明显降低,其比降解速率大约仅为后者的20%.考察固定化工程菌长期运行的效果,发现其降解活性保存良好,工程菌稳定性大大提高,未出现固定化细胞溶涨、破碎现象.固定化后,工程菌的比降解速率虽然比悬浮工程菌降低了,但固定化工程菌更适用于长期运行的废水处理系统.     

环境信息数据仓库建设及其相关的技术应用

阐述了环境信息数据仓库建设的需求和体系框架,介绍了环境信息数据仓库建设的关键技术和基于数据仓库的决策支持系统,列举了环境信息数据仓库在2000年2001年间对我国西部12个省、自治区和直辖市的大范围生态环境调查课题中的应用价值。     

大风量VOCs废气治理

本研究对用于排放VOCs废气治理的几种常用工艺方法进行了对比分析,重点介绍了吸附 催化燃烧综合法的治理工艺。详细描述了一种典型的大风量VOCs废气治理技术,即以吸附 催化燃烧综合法原理为基础、以蜂窝状活性炭作为吸附剂的FCJ系列有机废气净化装置的技术特点     

基于蝴蝶突变化工园区安全生产保障系统危险程度的分析

介绍了工业园区的特点以及存在的安全隐患,建立工业园区安全生产保障系统,利用突变理论对化工园区的安全风险容量进行分析,建立量化的数学模型,为化工园区的选址、状况评估提供理论依据,实现布局的合理性、工业园区的项目准入制,建立可靠的保障,对促进工业园区可持续发展有着十分重要的意义。