Comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon uptake pathways and risk assessment of vegetables from waste-water irrigated areas in northern China

Atmospheric deposition is the dominant pathway for PAH uptake by vegetables grown in peri-urban areas. Different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) uptake pathways and the associated health risk were investigated in vegetable samples collected from the Beijing-Tianjin city cluster, China, where irrigation with waste or reclaimed water has been practised for many decades. Sampling comprised 23 diverse sites and the roots and shoots of six types of vegetables. Among the different edible vegetable parts, the highest PAH concentrations were found in radish roots and the lowest in cauliflower heads. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for individual PAHs showed a weakly decreasing trend with increasing log K(OW). To investigate whether the air-leaf or soil-root-shoot uptake dominates, the measured values were compared with estimations from a generic one-compartment model. The results and related observations are more consistent with an atmospheric uptake pathway than a soil-uptake pathway. The PAH isomeric ratios are consistent with pyrogenic sources (from combustion of fossil fuel and biomass). A health risk assessment on the consumption of the edible parts of vegetables revealed that all studied vegetables, except for 16% of Chinese cabbage samples, are safe for consumption. The results of this study indicate the potential health risk of consuming vegetables from waste-water irrigated areas of this city cluster and provide new insights regarding the transfer of PAHs in vegetables grown in this region.     

仲丁醇对苯乙烯臭氧化反应生成二次有机气溶胶的影响:实验和模型研究

通过烟雾箱实验,研究了仲丁醇对苯乙烯臭氧化反应生成二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的影响.结果发现,在烟雾箱实验中,过量仲丁醇的加入导致生成SOA的产率明显下降.同时,结合MCM气相机理和气-粒分配理论,将Criegee中间体与醛类的双分子反应添加到箱式模型中模拟烟雾箱中SOA的生成过程.模拟结果表明,在没有仲丁醇存在的情况下,次级臭氧化物在SOA组分中占1/2左右的比例.仲丁醇的加入消耗了大量的·OH,同时使得[HO_2]/[RO_2]比值升高,影响自由基相关的反应机制,使得SOA产率下降.另外,研究发现,Criegee中间体与醛类反应的速率常数也是影响SOA生成模拟的一个重要参数,需要进一步开展相关的动力学实验和理论研究.     

紫外辐照引入含氧官能团对生物炭吸附气体和水中苯的影响

以椰壳为原料制备生物炭,采用365 nm紫外光辐照增加吸附剂表面含氧官能团,探究其对生物炭吸附气体和水中苯的影响.理化表征和吸附实验结果表明,生物炭表面含氧官能团增加后,对气体中苯的吸附量提高9.25倍,而对水中苯的吸附量却降低14.64%.生物炭对气体中苯的吸附过程符合Elovich动力学模型,而对水中苯的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型.含氧官能团的引入使生物炭对气体和水中苯的等温吸附过程从符合Freundlich模型变为符合Langmuir模型.Weber-Morris模型分析认为,增加含氧官能团,可增强生物炭对气体中苯的表面吸附速率,却阻碍了苯从水中向吸附剂颗粒内扩散的过程,水分子与苯竞争吸附是导致生物炭对水中苯吸附量降低的主要原因.     

固定化微生物技术处理废水

归纳综述了固定化微生物技术在废水处理领域的应用,着重介绍了常用固定化方法、载体的选择、影响因素等3方面的内容。固定化微生物技术处理废水具有效率高、稳定性好、能纯化和保持高效菌种等优点,有广阔的应用前景。实际应用中,能否开发出成本低、寿命长,且能使固定微生物保持较长时间的强度和活度的载体及固定化方法,则是推广该技术的关键。     

以江苏省河流湖泊为例探讨基于物种与面积关系确定大型底栖动物最适及高效采样量

以江苏省河流湖泊为研究对象,选取不同水体代表性点位,运用多生境采样法和形态学鉴定获取淡水大型底栖无脊椎动物的物种数及对应的采样面积,拟合实际结果的物种数与面积关系对数函数曲线。所研究采样量包括采样面积值、样方及样带数。研究发现,不同水体点位最适采样量面积为1.45~12.75 m²,样方及样带总数为6~16个,其要求十分耗时耗力。为解决这一问题,以物种数与面积关系对数函数的一阶导数曲线y≈1值为临界点,提出"高效采样量"概念,并提出3条采样原则供讨论。同时得到江苏地区高效采样量:涉水可过河流采样面积为1.36 m²,涉水不可过河流采样面积为1.5 m²,不可涉水河流和浅水湖泊采样面积为1.75 m²,均需采集4个样方,1个样带。     

Complex effects of habitat amount and fragmentation on functional connectivity and inbreeding in a giant panda population

The relationships between habitat amount and fragmentation level and functional connectivity and inbreeding remain unclear. Thus, we used genetic algorithms to optimize the transformation of habitat area and fragmentation variables into resistance surfaces to predict genetic structure and examined habitat area and fragmentation effects on inbreeding through a moving window and spatial autoregressive modeling approach. We applied these approaches to a wild giant panda population. The amount of habitat and its level of fragmentation had nonlinear effects on functional connectivity (gene flow) and inbreeding. Functional connectivity was highest when approximately 80% of the surrounding landscape was habitat. Although the relationship between habitat amount and inbreeding was also nonlinear, inbreeding increased as habitat increased until about 20% of the local landscape contained habitat, after which inbreeding decreased as habitat increased. Because habitat fragmentation also had nonlinear relationships with functional connectivity and inbreeding, we suggest these important responses cannot be effectively managed by minimizing or maximizing habitat or fragmentation. Our work offers insights for prioritization of protected areas.     

Marked changes in biochar’s ability to directly immobilize Cd in soil with aging: implication for biochar remediation of Cd-contaminated soil

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - To investigate the change in biochar’s ability to directly immobilize Cd in soil, a successive wheat cultivation experiment was conducted. Three...     

Unravelling the effects of complexation of transition metal ions on the hydroxylation of catechol over the whole pH region

Catechol pollutants (CATPs) serving as chelating agents could coordinate with many metal ions to form various CATPs-metal complexes. Little information is available on the effects of complexation of metal ions on CATPs degradation. This work presents a systematical study of •OH-mediated degradation of catechol and catechol-metal complexes over the whole pH range in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Results show that the pH-dependent complexation of metal ions (Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ti⁴⁺ and Fe³⁺) promotes the deprotonation of catechol under neutral and even acidic conditions. The radical adduct formation (RAF) reactions are both thermodynamically and kinetically favorable for all dissociation and complexation species, and OH/O⁻ group-containing C positions are more vulnerable to •OH attack. The kinetic results show that the complexation of the four metal ions offers a wide pH range of effectiveness for catechol degradation. At pH 7, the apparent rate constant (k_app) values for different systems follow the order of catechol+Ti⁴⁺ ≈ catechol+Zn²⁺ > catechol+Cu²⁺ > catechol+Fe³⁺ > catechol. The mechanistic and kinetic results would greatly improve our understanding of the degradation of CATPs-metal and other organics-metal complexes in AOPs. The toxicity assessment indicates that the •OH-based AOPs have the ability for decreasing the toxicity and increasing the biodegradability during the processes of catechol degradation.     

Metal nanowires for transparent conductive electrodes in flexible chromatic devices: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Smart electronics and optoelectronics such as smart windows, touch panels and solar cells have profoundly changed our lives over the last decade, as a result of...     

Spatial analysis of logistics ecological efficiency and its influencing factors in China: based on super-SBM-undesirable and spatial Dubin models

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Improving the logistics ecological efficiency (LEE) has become a significant part of ensuring a sustainable development and tackling environmental...