Seasonal and interannual variation of soil respiration in four vegetation types in the loess hilly region北大核心CSCD

Soit carbon (C) stock is the largest C pool in terrestrial ecosystems, and the emission of CO2 through soil respiration contributes to the majority of soil C expenditure and atmospheric C. Soil respiration is also one of the major processes controlling the C budget of terrestrial ecosystems. A slight change in soil CO2 emission might cause drastic variations in global C balance. Therefore, it is of great significance to investigate the characteristics of soil respiration of soils growing different types of vegetation over a long period, and determine its relationship with variables such as soil temperature and moisture. The rate of soil respiration was measured each month in the growing seasons (from April to October) of 2011, 2013, and 2014 using the Li-8100 CO2 flux measurement system in the central Loess Plateau. Four types of vegetation (Quercus liaotungensis, Platycladus orientalis, Robinia pseudoacacia, and a natural shrub) were chosen for the periodical measurements. A permanent sample plot was established for each type of vegetation, and five polyvinyl chloride (PVC) collars were placed in each plot for the measurements. The temperature and water content of the soil in the upper 12 cm near the collar were measured using a digital soil temperature probe and a TDR 200 soil moisture meter at the same time when the soil respiration was measured. The soil respiration rates were fitted to the soil temperature and moisture with an exponential function, power function, linear function, and an equation combining the two variables. The results showed that: (1) the seasonal variation in the rates of soil respiration in the soils growing the four types of vegetation were almost the same, and were lower in the earlier period and then increased to high levels in the middle and later periods; (2) the rates of soil respiration in the same month varied with the type of vegetation grown, and were in the descending order: Q. liaotungensis > P. orientalis > shrub > R. pseudoacacia; (3) the average values of the rates of soil respiration in 2011, 2013, and 2014 were 2.77, 3.48, and 5.08 μmol m-2 s-1, respectively. The variation in soil respiration was higher across the three years than the variation for the types of vegetation grown; and (4) the rate of soil respiration was positively correlated to soil temperature and moisture for all the types of vegetation. A better fit was obtained by using the equation that included both the variables, soil temperature and moisture, than by an equation that included a single factor. Our results suggested that both seasonal and inter-annual variations of soil respiration occurred in the soils growing the four types of vegetation in the region. The temperature and water content of soils are the major regulating factors, and soil respiration in the Loess Plateau is more greatly affected by environment factors than by the type of vegetation. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

醇和酚类污染物对欧洲林蛙蝌蚪及梨形四膜虫毒性的定量结构-活性模型

醇和酚类等有机化合物作为重要的工业原料,广泛应用于医药卫生、有机合成、食品工业等领域,但生产中排放于环境的这些物质,会对生物造成一定的毒性作用。为建立包含醇和酚类有机污染物对欧洲林蛙蝌蚪及梨形四膜虫毒性的定量结构-活性相关性模型,计算了227种有机污染物的分子连接性指数和分子形状指数,优化筛选了分子连接性指数的0X、1X、2X、4X和5Xc、分子形状指数的K1和K2共7种参数,将这7种结构参数作为神经网络输入层变量,110种有机污染物对欧洲林蛙蝌蚪的毒性值作为输出层变量,采用7:8:1的网络结构方式,构建了令人满意的对欧洲林蛙蝌蚪毒性的神经网络预测模型,方程总相关系数r为0.988,毒性预测值与实验值之间的平均误差为0.14。为检验指数的普适性,同样用这7个结构参数与117种醇和酚类化合物对梨形四膜虫的毒性进行分析,所得神经网络模型的总相关系数达到0.997,对梨形四膜虫毒性的预测值与实验值之间的平均误差仅为0.065,结果表明,所建模型具有良好的预测有机污染物对林蛙蝌蚪及梨形四膜虫急性毒性的能力。     

发展中的黑龙江省防震减灾事业

黑龙江省地震局在中国地震局黑龙江省委、省政府的领导下,致力建设一支高素质的防震减灾队伍,把握防震减灾工作服务于全省经济建设,努力开创防震减灾工作的新局面。近几年,全省的地震监测预报、震灾预防、紧急救援三大工作体系建设得到了快速发展。     

聚天冬氨酸作为油田阻垢剂的研究进展

目前国内油田注水管线清洗需要性能更佳的阻垢剂。经过对比研究,选择聚天冬氨酸作为油田阻垢清洗剂。同传统的阻垢剂相比,它的阻垢效果好,而且生物降解性极佳。分析了合成条件、相对分子量对合成的聚天冬氨酸阻垢性能的影响,确定了最佳的合成条件,并提出了聚天冬氨酸在其他领域的应用和今后的发展方向。     

大庆石油管理局粉煤灰综合利用现状及前景

简要介绍了目前国内外粉煤灰利用的情况,分析了大庆石油管理局粉煤灰利用范围,主要包括筑路、生产水泥、加工切块、陶粒和步踏砖等,粉煤灰的综合利用率在70%以上。通过调查粉煤灰综合利用情况,对制作水泥和制作步踏砖存在的问题提出了解决办法。针对大庆油田的实际情况,在借鉴国内外其他方法和技术的基础上,提出了综合利用粉煤灰的其他建议,例如用于固井作业的水泥浆体系,生产铝盐,用于填埋固体废物等。     

苏里格气田建设与生态保护

苏里格气田位于鄂尔多斯高原中南部,分布于整个毛乌素沙漠。通过现场调研,分析了气田在工程建设期对周围生态环境的破坏和影响情况,并结合相关规定,制定出气田建设不同时期的生态环境保护措施。     

陕西省自然灾害损失年景和评价指标的研究

应用模糊数学系统聚类方法对陕西1949～1990年自然灾害造成的人口死亡、房屋倒塌和农田成灾面积进行了聚类分析,划分出相似成灾年份及相应损失指标,同时通过总损失价值计算进行了逐年损失等级划分,建立了各级等级标准和灾害年景序列。     

井下运输人—机—环境系统安全性分析初探

井下运输系统是一个环节复杂、影响安全因素甚多的庞大系统。运输事故是煤矿井下常见的多发性事故。造成事故的原因是人、机、环境的缺陷。根据人－ 机－ 环境系统工程的理论，对井下运输系统的安全性进行了初步的探讨，为掌握事故发生的规律和提高系统的安全性，试图提供一种分析的思路与方法     

旱地间、套种植模式的效益研究及综合评价

本文从产量、经济效益、辅助能效益和光、热利用效益等方面,研究了旱地间、套种植多熟制5种模式的效益,分析了复种指数与光、热资源利用的关系,并用层次分析法(AHP)和系统决策法对各种模式进行了效益综合评价。结果表明,5种模式的优劣顺序是 C→E→DB→A,其中以小麦 蚕豆-玉米 黄豆-红苕和大麦 蚕豆-玉米-红苕两种模式较好;复种指数与光、热资源利用率呈线性正相关.     

陕西省自然灾害损失评估的初步研究

本文首先以陕西省１９６０～１９９０年１０个代表气象台（站）的降水距平率和分布面积为指标将旱涝程度划分为５级，然后分析了各级旱涝程度下的暴雨、冰雹、洪水等自然灾害频度及相应的农田成灾、倒塌房屋、死亡人口、减产粮食等损失，从而建立起了自然因子－灾害－损失之间的平均定量关系，为进行自然灾害评估奠定了基础，最后对研究期间做了检验和预测试验。