城市光污染侵害案件法律适用问题的探讨

在城市光污染侵害案件日益增多的同时,我国光污染侵害的法律救济手段和救济结果却不尽人意。虽然我国在宪法、环境保护法等法律、法规及民法中都有处理光污染侵害案件的法律依据,但由于缺少直接的规定,使环境保护法律体系存在太大的缺陷。因此,亟待制定有关的标准和修改相关的法律,从而更好地防治光污染,维护受害人的合法权益。     

铁路中小站段污水排放规律及处理匹配技术研究

随着铁路通车里程的增长,铁路中小站段随之增加。但是大部分站段污水经过简单处理或不经处理排放,造成了环境的污染。通过对沈阳铁路局下属中小站站段调研,找出典型站段污水排放规律,并提出与之相匹配的污水处理技术。     

Effect of environmental forcing on the fate of nutrients, dissolved organic matter and heavy metals released by a coastal wastewater pipeline

Discharges of nutrients, urea, dissolved organic matter and heavy metals by a sewage underwater pipeline are analysed in comparison to environmental conditions in a shallow coastal zone. Variable thermo-haline stratifications of the water column and currents in upper (2.62-34.97 cm s^-1) and deeper (0.83-10.91 cm s^-1) layers drive vertical diffusion and lateral transport of wastewaters. Loads of reactive phosphorus (0.13 tons d^-1) and ammonium (1.62 tons d^-1) by the pipeline are not negligible compared to the major river loads in the gulf. High concentrations of urea (≤11.51 μmol N dm^-3) were found in the area of wastewater release. Ammonium uptake (6.14-534 nmol N dm^-3 h^-1) strongly exceeded nitrate uptake (0.19-138 nmol N dm^-3 h^-1), indicating that discharges of ammonium by the pipeline are actively assimilated by plankton community even at low levels of light. Distribution of Zn (≤27.7 ppb), Cu (≤25.6 ppb), Cd (≤0.80 ppb) and Pb (≤13.5 ppb) in the water column and the measurement of their complex-forming capacity in seawater did not indicate a persistent perturbation of the pelagic environment due to heavy metals.     

Integrated geophysical surveys on waste dumps: evaluation of physical parameters to characterize an urban waste dump (four case studies in Italy).

Geophysical surveys were carried out on different waste dumps to evaluate key geometric and physical parameters. Depending on the dump dimensions and physical characteristics different geophysical techniques were used. Vertical electrical sounding, electrical resistivity tomography, induced polarization and seismic refraction techniques were integrated to eliminate the non-uniqueness of solutions and for a better understanding of the results. Physical parameters inside and outside the dumps were compared. The change of physical parameters such as resistivity, chargeability, and P-wave velocity allowed evaluation of waste dump geometry, leachate saturation levels, and thickness of waste. Furthermore, in illegal dumps, the size and waste type disposed could be evaluated. Calculated results were compared with plans and book-keeping from the dumps investigated.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区生态风险时空动态及其风险分区—以陕西省米脂县为例

目前,黄土丘陵沟壑区等生态脆弱区生态风险评估已成为地理学与生态学应对生态系统管理的研究热点之一。以黄土丘陵沟壑区米脂县为研究区,构建“风险概率—敏感性—损失度”（PSI）的三维评价框架,并以子流域为评价单元进行数据整合,分析了米脂县2009-2015年准则层与综合生态风险的时空分异及其重心转移,并基于风险主导因子给出米脂县风险防范分区及降险对策。结果如下：（1）2009-2015年风险概率分别为49.93%、52.92%,有上升趋势;生境敏感性分别为0.61、0.60,下降了1.6%,生境质量趋好;损失度分别为0.42、0.46,损失度增加。（2）生态风险呈现中间高南北低的空间分布;研究期间生态风险值分别为0.14、0.15,风险有所升高;风险重心向西南转移跃入银州川道且风险演化主体方向为西北—东南走向。（3）风险预警区、生态恢复区、预警恢复兼顾区、自然调控区面积占比分别为7.53%、6.57%、23.86%、62.04%。基于风险主导因子的风险防范分区可有效进行风险消解,促进区域生境的可持续。     

基于可信性测度理论的装配式建筑施工过程风险性评估

为降低装配式建筑施工过程安全事故的发生率,保障装配式建筑施工过程的安全,针对我国当前装配式建筑施工过程的特点,结合实地调研及专家咨询,构建了基于结构熵权-可信性测度理论的装配式建筑施工过程的风险性评估模型,并将该模型应用于5个工程实例中,取得了良好的效果。结果表明,该模型是结构熵权与可信性测度理论的有机结合,为客观评估装配式建筑施工过程安全风险性并有效控制施工过程的安全风险提供了新的思路。     

气象因子对臭氧的影响及其在空气质量预报中的应用

为提高重庆市臭氧(O_3)预报准确率,利用2013—2015年5—10月O_3监测数据和气象数据,通过主成分分析、逐步回归分析等方法,确定了影响重庆O_3浓度的主要气象因素为最高温度、温差、太阳辐射、降水量、相对湿度、水气压和压差;通过基于O_3污染水平相似的主要气象控制因子筛选和最优组合的预报结果优化方法,提高了O_3预报准确率,使2016年5—8月O_3的AQI类别预报准确率由57.7%增至72.4%,O_3超标的预报准确率由38%增至46%。     

Effects of environmental parameters on the oxygen consumption of four marine invertebrates: a comparative factorial study

The oxygen consumption curves of two decapod crustaceans (Palaemon serratus, Penaeus monodon) and two prosobranch molluscs (Trunculariopsis trunculus, Nassarius mutabilis) have been detected in the entire pO₂ interval from 0 to 160 mmHg, under different conditions of temperature and salinity. From the experimental curves, physiological parameters such as the initial oxygen consumption velocity, the Q ₁₀ values and the oxygen independence indices have been measured. The latter parameters have been obtained using normalised plots which allow their better evaluation. The effects of temperature, salinity and oxygen partial pressure on the oxygen-consumption features have been studied using a factorial experimental plan which allows measurement of the effects of each experimental variable as well as the effects of synergistic interactions between different variables. Received: 27 March 2000 / Accepted: 13 November 2000     

Nitrogen fertilizer improves boron phytoextraction by Brassica juncea grown in contaminated sediments and alleviates plant stress

In this study we evaluated the effect of different fertilizer treatments on Brassica plants grown on boron-contaminated sediments. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory and on the lysimeter scale. At laboratory scale (microcosm), five different fertilizers were tested for a 35-d period. On the lysimeter scale, nitrogen fertilization was tested at three different doses and plants were allowed to grow until the end of the vegetative phase (70 d). Results showed that nitrogen application had effectively increased plant biomass production, while B uptake was not affected. Total B phytoextracted increased three-fold when the highest nitrogen dose was applied. Phytotoxicity on Brassica was evaluated by biochemical parameters. In plants grown in unfertilized B-contaminated sediments, the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and pyrogallol peroxidase (PPX) increased, whereas catalase (CAT) decreased with respect to control plants. Addition of N progressively mitigated the alteration of enzymatic activity, thus suggesting that N can aid in alleviating B-induced oxidative stress. SOD activity was restored to control levels just at the lowest N treatment, whereas the CAT inhibition was partially restored only at the highest one. N application also lowered the B-induced increase in APX and PPX activities. Increased glutathione reductase activity indicated the need to restore the oxidative balance of glutathione. Data also suggest a role of glutathione and phytochelatins in B defense mechanisms. Results suggest that the nitrogen fertilizer was effective in improving B phytoextraction by increasing Brassica biomass and by alleviating B-induced oxidative stress.