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151.
Shaobo Liang Armando G. McDonald Erik R. Coats 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(11):2022-2027
Potato peel waste (PPW) as zero value byproduct generated from food processing plant contains a large quantity of starch, non-starch polysaccharide, lignin, protein, and lipid. PPW as one promising carbon source can be managed and utilized to value added bioproducts through a simple fermentation process using undefined mixed cultures inoculated from wastewater treatment plant sludge. A series of non-pH controlled batch fermentations under different conditions such as pretreatment process, enzymatic hydrolysis, temperature, and solids loading were studied. Lactic acid (LA) was the major product, followed by acetic acid (AA) and ethanol under fermentation conditions without the presence of added hydrolytic enzymes. The maximum yields of LA, AA, and ethanol were respectively, 0.22 g g?1, 0.06 g g?1, and 0.05 g g?1. The highest LA concentration of 14.7 g L?1 was obtained from a bioreactor with initial solids loading of 60 g L?1 at 35 °C. 相似文献
152.
153.
154.
Gregoire Timothy G. Ringvall Anna H. Ståhl Göran Næsset Erik 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2016,23(1):141-154
Environmental and Ecological Statistics - This paper considers conditioning on the size of the samples observed in post-strata following a two-stage sampling design. We argue that it is reasonable... 相似文献
155.
Interactions between dissolved organic matter (DOM) and bacteria are central in the biogeochemical cycles of aquatic ecosystems; however, the relative importance of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) compared with other environmental variables in structuring the bacterial communities needs further investigation. Here, we investigated bacterial communities, chromophoric DOM (CDOM) characteristics and physico-chemical parameters as well as examined BDOC via bioassay incubations in large eutrophic Lake Taihu, China, to explore the importance of BDOC for shaping bacterial community structures and co-occurrence patterns. We found that the proportion of BDOC (%BDOC) correlated significantly and positively with the DOC concentration and the index of the contribution of recent produced autochthonous CDOM (BIX). %BDOC, further correlated positively with the relative abundance of the tryptophan-like component and negatively with CDOM aromaticity, indicating that autochthonous production of protein-like CDOM was an important source of BDOC. The richness of the bacterial communities correlated negatively with %BDOC, indicating an enhanced number of species in the refractory DOC environments. %BDOC was identified as a significant stronger factor than DOC in shaping bacterial community composition and the co-occurrence network, suggesting that substrate biodegradability is more significant than DOC quantity determining the bacterial communities in a eutrophic lake. Environmental factors explained a larger proportion of the variation in the conditionally rare and abundant subcommunity than for the abundant and the rare bacterial subcommunities. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering bacteria with different abundance patterns and DOC biodegradability when studying the interactions between DOM and bacteria in eutrophic lakes. 相似文献
156.
An important question with respect to the Macondo blowout is whether the accident is a symptom of systemic safety problems in the deepwater drilling industry. An answer to such a question is hard to obtain unless the risk level of the oil and gas (O&G) industry is monitored and evaluated over time. This article presents information and indicators from the Risk Level Project (RNNP) in the Norwegian O&G industry related to safety climate, barriers and undesired incidents, and discusses the relevance for deepwater drilling. The main focus of the major hazard indicators in RNNP is on production installations, whereas only a limited number of incident indicators and barrier indicators are related to mobile drilling units. The number of kicks is an important indicator for the whole drilling industry, because it is an incident with the potential to cause a blowout. Currently, the development and monitoring of safety indicators in the O&G industry seems to be limited to a short list of “accepted” indicators, but there is a need for more extensive monitoring and understanding. This article suggests areas of extensions of the indicators in RNNP for drilling based on experience from the Macondo blowout. The areas are related to schedule and cost, well planning, operational aspects, well incidents, operators’ well response, operational aspects and status of safety critical equipment. Indicators are suggested for some of the areas. For other areas, more research is needed to identify the indicators and their relevance and validity. 相似文献
157.
Runoff coefficients are usually considered in isolation for each drainage area with resulting large uncertainties in the areas
and coefficients. Accurate areas and coefficients are obtained here by optimizing runoff coefficients for characteristic Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) subareas within each drainage area so that the resulting runoff coefficients of each drainage area
are consistent with those obtained from runoff and rainfall volumes. Lack of fit can indicate that the ArcGIS information
is inaccurate or more likely, that the drainage area needs adjustment. Results for 18 drainage areas in Milwaukee, WI for
2000–2004 indicate runoff coefficients ranging from 0.123 for a mostly residential area to 0.679 for a freeway-related land,
with a standard error of 0.047. Optimized runoff coefficients are necessary input parameters for monitoring, and for the analysis
and design of in situ stormwater unit operations and processes for the control of both urban runoff quantity and quality. 相似文献
158.
Intraspecific variation in the strength of inducible plant defenses plays a central role in the interactions between plants and herbivores. Studies of this variation are typically conducted in the greenhouse or laboratory rather than the field. We simultaneously manipulated densities of local consumers in the field within Maine and South Carolina populations of the smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora. South Carolina, but not Maine, plants induced resistance when grazed by local consumers. South Carolina populations of Littoraria snails and planthoppers colonized control more than previously grazed South Carolina plants, and Littoraria snails consumed more control than previously grazed plants. The inducible feeding deterrents in South Carolina plants appear to be water soluble, but not phenolic based. In contrast, grazed and control plants from Maine populations did not differ in attractiveness or palatability to Maine consumers. Thus, inducible plant responses by South Carolina plants had a strong effect on the South Carolina consumer community, but no analogous effect occurred in Maine. Field experiments are a powerful approach to detecting the strength of inducible plant resistance and its impacts on local consumers, which in this case were shown to vary with location. 相似文献
159.
A model on the carbon cycling in Lake Taihu, China 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Hu Weiping Sven Erik JørgensenZhang Fabing Chen YonggenHu Zhixin Yang Longyuan 《Ecological modelling》2011,222(16):2973-2991
A model of the carbon cycling in Lake Taihu was developed based on the previous developed model EcoTaihu Model, which couples the hydrology, the nutrient cycling and a number of biological processes. The carbon cycling model (abbreviated CCM) has in addition to the states variables of the EcoTaihu Model, the carbon in phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, macroplant, hydrogen carbonate carbon, carbonate carbon, dissolved carbon, abiotic organic carbon in water, organic carbon in sediment, soluble organic carbon in pore water, inorganic carbon in sediments, soluble inorganic carbon in pore water and pH. The calibration and validation of the CCM showed that the model results are in good accordance with the observations (from the period February17 to December. 5, 2003). It implies that the model can be used to assess the variation of the carbon dioxide flux at the water-air interface, and to find the pH value of the lake water as function of time. According to the model, the carbon dioxide flux at the water-air interface has clear, diurnal variations. Eutrophied water is a sink for the atmospheric carbon dioxide due to the phytosynthesis during the summer. Due to the terrestrial input of carbon to the lake, Lake Taihu is, however, a source of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The total annual flux is almost equal to the terrestrial input of carbon to the lake. 相似文献
160.
Martin J. Steinbauer Fredrik Östrand Tom E. Bellas Anna Nilson Fredrik Andersson Erik Hedenström Michael J. Lacey P. Florian Schiestl 《Chemoecology》2004,14(3-4):217-223
Summary. The autumn gum moth, Mnesampela privata
(Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), is native to Australia
and can be a pest of plantation eucalypts. Field-collected
and laboratory-reared female autumn gum moths were
dissected to remove glands likely to contain components of
the sex pheromone. Using gas chromatography (GC) and
combined gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS),
three compounds were identified from female extracts,
namely (3Z,6
Z,9
Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene, 1-hexadecanol
and 1-octadecanol (confirmed by comparison with synthetic
samples). Nonadecatriene elicited an antennal response in
male autumn gum moth during gas chromatographic
analyses combined with electroantennographic detection
(GC-EAD). In electroantennogram (EAG) recording male
M. privata antennae responded to the nonadecatriene. Nonadecatriene was synthesised via Kolbe electrolysis,
starting with (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid
(linolenic acid) and propanoic acid or via an alternative
four-step method also starting from linolenic acid. In field
trials (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene proved attractive
to male moths. Thus, we conclude that (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-
nonadecatriene is a sex pheromone component of autumn
gum moth. This component has been identified in extracts
from other geometrids in the same subfamily, Ennominae.
However, to our knowledge this is the first example where
(3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene has been found in females
and also proved attractive to male moths when presented on its
own. Our results are discussed in relation to other geometrid
pheromones. 相似文献