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91.
A method based on SPME is described for assessing the gaseous dichlorvos concentration in confined atmospheres like a greenhouse after a pesticide application. Sampling was made by using SPME with PDMS fibres immersed into a 250 mL sampling flask into which air samples were dynamically pumped from the analysed atmosphere. Sampling duration was 40 min and samples were then analysed by GC-MS. Calibration was performed from a vapour saturated air sample and gas phase diluted samples, and this procedure afforded a curve with a regression coefficient (R2) higher than 0.98. The repeatability of these measurements was observed with an RSD of 2.5%. This analysis procedure was then applied for the determination of gaseous dichlorvos concentrations versus time, in the atmosphere of an experimental 8 m2 and 20 m3 greenhouse. The pesticide was sprayed according to real cultivation conditions and measurements were made from 2 up to 74 h after application affording observed concentrations in the range of decades and hundreds of microg m(-3) (corresponding limits of detection and quantification were found at the level of a few microg m(-3)). 相似文献
92.
Piccardo MT Pala M Bonaccurso B Stella A Redaelli A Paola G Valerio F 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2005,133(2):293-301
Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analysed in pine needles of different ages (from 6 to 30 months) collected from two species, Pinus nigra and Pinus pinaster, in seven sites located along a transect from a suburban to a rural area of Genoa (Italy). In all sites and for both species, concentrations of more volatile PAHs (phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene) were higher than those for other less volatile PAHs, which are preferentially sorbed to airborne particulates (benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzofluoranthenes, benzo[a]pyrene). Concentrations of total PAHs found in P. nigra in the rural sites were, on the average, 2.3 times higher than those in P. pinaster growing nearby. In both pine species, concentrations of volatile PAHs increased according to needle age. Annual trends of other PAHs were more variable, with a general decrease in older needles. P. pinaster needles are shown to be more reliable passive samplers, since they are more resistant to plant diseases, and considerable variation in PAH concentration was observed in P. nigra needles with moulds and fungi. 相似文献
93.
Volatile organic compounds produced during the aerobic biological processing of municipal solid waste in a pilot plant 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Pierucci P Porazzi E Martinez MP Adani F Carati C Rubino FM Colombi A Calcaterra E Benfenati E 《Chemosphere》2005,59(3):423-430
The volatile organic carbon (VOC) and odours emitted during the aerobic biological processing of municipal solid waste (MSW) was studied in a pilot-scale reactor. VOCs were detected by different techniques on solid waste samples and the outlet air stream, before and after a biofilter. Organic compounds (alpha-pinene, beta-myrcene, D-limonene) were also measured in condensate water and leachate from the process. Results showed uniformity in the composition of the air in the solid waste samples, air sampled during the process and condensed water, indicating a matrix-derived origin of these compounds. Leachates, however, contained substances with a quite different molecular structure from the compounds identified in the gaseous fraction. Most of the substances in the gaseous effluent had a hydrocarbon-like structure, mainly terpenoids. The odour produced and detected through olfactometry agreed with GC-MS analyses. This was true above all for terpenes. 相似文献
94.
Federico Valerio Anna Stella Mauro Pala Daniele Balducci Maria Teresa Piccardo Massimo Cipolla 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(8):1520-1526
From 1994 to 2003, daily air concentrations of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbon monoxide (CO) were regularly monitored at two traffic-oriented sampling sites (A and B) in urban Genoa, Italy. The data were used to estimate effects on air quality in real situations due to progressive substitution of EURO-0 vehicles, started in 1993, with less-polluting vehicles (EURO-1, EURO-2), mainly gasoline vehicles with a catalyst. PAH profile classification and diagnostic PAH ratios were used to identify 345 samples of predominantly traffic origin. At both sites, CO and PAH daily concentrations decreased exponentially with time and the apparent half-life values calculated were 6.3 and 5.5 for CO and 3.7 and 3.5 years for PAHs at sites A and B, respectively. At site A, monitored for traffic intensity, multiple regression analyses confirmed that daily PAH and CO concentrations were positively correlated with the number of non-catalytic vehicles estimated to cross this site during sampling and negatively correlated with seasonal variables (air temperature, ozone concentration, relative air humidity). The reduction in air pollution estimated for complete substitution of non-catalytic gasoline vehicles was 89% for BaP, 85% for total PAHs and 69% for CO. 相似文献
95.
Cavalli RM Laneve G Fusilli L Pignatti S Santini F 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(7):2199-2211
This paper aims to assess the suitability of remote sensing for enhancing the management of water body resources and for providing an inexpensive way to gather, on a wide area, weed infestation extent and optical parameter linked to the water body status. Remotely sensed satellite images and ancillary ground true data were used to produce land cover maps, trough classification techniques, and water compounds maps, applying radiative transfer models. The study proposed within the framework of the cooperation between Italian Foreign Affair Ministry (through the University of Rome) and Kenyan Authorities has been carried out on the Kenyan part of the Lake Victoria. This lake is one of the largest freshwater bodies of the world where, over the last few years environmental challenges and human impact have perturbed the ecological balance affecting the biodiversity. The objective of this research study is to define the thematic products, retrievable from satellite images, like weed abundance maps and water compound concentrations. These products, if provided with an appropriate time frequency, are useful to identify the preconditions for the occurrence of hazard events like abnormal macrophyte proliferation and to develop an up-to-date decision support system devoted to an apprised territory, environment and resource management. 相似文献
96.
97.
Far-from-equillibrium oscillating chemical reactions are among the simplest systems showing complex behaviors and emergent properties. This class of reactions is often employed to mimic and understand the mechanisms of a great variety of biological processes. In this context, pattern formation due to the coupling between reaction and transport phenomena represent an active and promising research area. In this paper, we present results coming from experiments where we tried to blend the structural properties of self-assembled matrixes (sodium dodecyl sulphate micelles and phospholipid bilayers) together with the evolutive peculiarities of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction. A series of interesting dynamical behaviors, like spatio-temporal chaos, stationary patterns and segmented waves, were found in reaction–diffusion and reaction–diffusion–convection experiments. 相似文献
98.
99.
Donald R. Glenn John G. Federico 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1971,7(5):1081-1092
ABSTRACT. Over the last few years, several studies sponsored by both government and interested national engineering associations have evaluated the relative merits of pressure sewer systems. Surprisingly little data has been forthcoming, however, with regard to the effects of pressure sewers on both the economics of land development and the country's water resources. The intention of our paper is to detail the salutary effects of pressure sewers on water supply resources, the indirect effect on other resources by decreasing the contribution of sanitary sewage to their pollution, and to illustrate where, in some locations of the country, pressure sewers would benefit the economics of land development. As engineers from a large industrial firm that has built hardware that will allow the concepts stated above to become realities, we will present data to enforce our convictions. Some effects on municipal treatment plants, and emplacement costs of the system are described. Since the main thrust of our paper is to treat the effect of pressure sanitary sewers on the water resources of the country, specific peripheral data is not presented at length. The pressure sewer effects on lowering water usage in homes and the decrease in groundwater contamination by replacing septic tanks with pressure sewers in selected locations is presented. Advanced technology concepts such as energy assisted sewer systems should be considered as a favorable economic manner in which to preserve selected water resources. During the 1965 drought that affected the Northeastern section of the U.S., a federal government document reported that there was really no shortage of water, but that present water resources lacked management. Pressure sewers may be a water resources management tool and an effective one if not promulgated as a cure-all for the water pollution problems facing this nation. 相似文献
100.
Federico?AndreisEmail authorView authors OrcID profile Marco?Bonetti 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2018,25(1):139-154
We introduce a novel method to extract a sample from a finite population where units with desired characteristics are over-represented. The approach is both sequential and adaptive and allows, via suitable compositions of predictive and objective functions, to target specific subsets of the population. We consider the problem of estimation and conjecture the validity of a modified Horvitz–Thompson estimator capable to account for the imbalance induced by the targeting procedure. After discussing how to apply the method to the sampling of geographically distributed units, we investigate its potential via simulations. 相似文献