EM菌处理垃圾渗滤液的微生物生态学及机理分析研究

通过DNA提取,PCR扩增和DGGE分离,用BLAST程序进行相似性比较分析体系中微生物群落多样性。所有序列与数据库中16S rDNA序列的相似性在94%~100%之间。从整个挂膜过程考虑,挂膜时间应在8天左右。渗滤液中污染物的去除与投加EM有很大的关系,但是渗滤液中原始菌种的贡献同样不可忽视。投加EM菌剂促进了渗滤液中群落结构演替和功能优化,并最终通过EM菌剂和渗滤液中原始菌群的共同作用实现渗滤液处理系统效能提高和完善。     

MBR＋两级DTRO系统处理垃圾渗滤液工程案例分析研究

对甘肃某垃圾填埋场渗滤液的来源、进水水质和设计出水水质进行分析,从可生化性、系统运行稳定性、渗滤液高浓度、高毒性等方面考虑,最终确定采用MBR＋两级DTRO系统对渗滤液进行处理.经该工艺处理后,COD、BOD5、NH3-N、TN和SS的去除率分别为：99.3％、99.6％、98.7％、98.4％和97.0％,出水水质能够满足《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》（GB 16889-2008）标准要求.该系统优点：抗冲击能力强、污泥浓度低、占地面积小、出水水质稳定.     

应用小型无人值守水站构建苏州市城区河道自动监测系统研究

苏州市城区河道自动监测系统实现了时城区河道环境整治水质变化的实时跟踪监测,系统采用小型、节能、低噪的智能子站、免试剂的监测方法和多重保障的安防措施,集监控评价发布为一体化,体现了绿色监测的理念,且与大型水站同样具有较强的野外适应能力和无人值守智能监测的特点.本文就系统的构架以及系统所具有的4个方面特点进行了阐述,并总结了在系统建设中的站点选址、对监测结果的有效利用、运行过程的质量控制及免试剂监测方法的适用性等几方面应用体会.     

Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Hepatitis A Virus in Wastewaters in Tunisia

Hepatitis A causes substantial morbidity in both industrialized and non-industrialized countries and represents an important health problem in several southern Mediterranean countries. The objectives of the study were as follows: (a) to assess the occurrence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in Tunisia through the monitoring of urban wastewaters collected at wastewater treatment plants (WTPs); (b) to characterize environmental strains; and (c) to estimate the viral load in raw and treated sewages, in order to evaluate the potential impact on superficial waters receiving discharges. A total of 150 raw and treated wastewaters were collected from three WTPs and analyzed by both qualitative (RT-PCR/nested) and quantitative (qRT-PCR) methods. Of these, 100 (66 %) were found to be positive for HAV by the qualitative assay: 68.3 % in influents and 64.7 % in effluents. The vast majority of HAV sequences belonged to sub-genotype IA, with 11 different strains detected found to be identical to clinical strains isolated from Tunisian patients with acute hepatitis. Five unique variants were also detected, not previously reported in clinical cases. Only two IB strains were found, confirming the rarity of this sub-genotype in this country. The results of the present study indicate a wide circulation of the pathogen in the population, most probably in the form of asymptomatic infections, a finding consistent with the classification of the country as having intermediate/high endemicity. Quantitative data showed high viral loads in influents (3.5E+05 genome copies/liter, mean value) as well as effluents (2.5E+05 genome copies/liter, mean value), suggesting that contaminated water could be a critical element in transmission.     

Impact of an Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizer Intervention on the Spread of Viruses in Homes

The objectives of this study were to determine the movement of a virus throughout a household and the impact of an alcohol-based hand sanitizer (ABHS) on reducing the movement and exposure of the virus to household members. Bacterial virus MS-2 was used as the surrogate for human enteric and respiratory viruses. Seven households with families having at least two children in the age range of 2–18 living in the home were used in this study. The hands of one adult family member were contaminated with 1 × 10⁸. MS-2 bacteriophage in each home. After 8 h, the hands of each family member (10 fingers) and 20 frequently touched fomites were sampled to determine baseline contamination without intervention. Within 8 h, MS-2 was detected on all of the family member’s hands and most of the fomites. The intervention consisted of providing the families in all selected homes with bottles of an ABHS, which were placed in the kitchen, bathrooms, and nurseries. Smaller individual bottles were provided for each family member greater than 12 years old to place in purses, pockets, backpacks, etc. The families were instructed to use the ABHS one time or three times during the day. For one and three uses, a statistically significant reduction of virus on un-inoculated and inoculated hands of ~99 % occurred within 8 h. Similar reductions occurred on fomites throughout the households (97–99 %). These results demonstrate that the use of an ABHS can significantly reduce transfer of a virus to the hands, and to the commonly touched surfaces within the household.     

南海水域不同深度非光合微生物的固碳潜能及其对不同电子供体的响应

通过对南海水域多个区域不同深度的海水分别以H2、Na2S2O3、Na NO2为电子供体经过一定时间的驯化培养后,测定其中非光合微生物的固碳潜力,并统计南海水域不同深度非光合微生物在不同电子供体条件下固碳潜力的差异性,最后结合不同深度海水的主要固碳基因丰度差异,分析南海水域不同深度海洋非光合微生物在不同电子供体条件下固碳潜能差异的原因.结果发现以Na NO2为电子供体时,海洋非光合微生物固碳能力普遍较低,各深度之间没有显著差异;以H2为电子供体时,表层海水中的非光合微生物的固碳潜力显著高于深层海水中的;而以Na2S2O3为电子供体时,深层海水中的非光合微生物的固碳潜力显著高于表层海水中的.基因分析结果表明,固碳基因cbb L在表层海水中的丰度高于深层海水,而cbb M基因在深层海水中的丰度高于表层海水.硫细菌大多以拥有cbb M基因为主,而氢细菌大多以拥有cbb L基因为主.因此不同海洋深度非光合微生物对不同电子供体响应的差异性可能和优势菌群结构的差异有关.海洋表层和深层溶解氧、无机碳含量的差异是导致菌群结构差异,乃至固碳潜力差异的重要原因.     

纸板碳化电极提高生物电化学系统产电效率微生物机理研究

采用Solexa高通量测序技术和蛋白定量方法,分析了碳化纤维素纸板制备的层状波纹碳(LCC)电极与石墨板(GP)电极在生物电化学系统运行过程形成的生物膜微生物群落结构和生物量差异.结果表明,LCC电极良好的生物电化学性能不仅取决于其良好的导电性能,还与其表面生物膜微生物群落结构有关;LCC电极表面生物膜微生物量高,且对产电微生物的富集效果好.LCC电极与GP电极表面生物膜分别得到16S rRNA基因V3区优化序列12643条和12837条,经97%相似度归并后获得的OTUs数量分别为2786和3130;α多样性分析显示,GP电极生物膜微生物多样性相对更丰富.Proteobacteria、Firmicutes和Bacteroidetes在两种电极生物膜中含量最为丰富,这3个门细菌序列数分别占总序列数的76%(LCC)和85%(GP).在属分类水平上,LCC电极生物膜由383个属的细菌构成,而GP电极生物膜则有456个属.深入分析电极生物膜微生物群落结构有助于进一步认识LCC电极提高生物电化学系统产电效率的机理.     

BiOBr/Bi2MoO6异质结的构筑及对甲基橙的吸附/光催化性能的协同作用机制

采用简单的沉积-沉淀法合成了BiOBr/Bi_2MoO_6(BOB/BMO)异质结,采用XRD、XPS、TEM、SEM、EDS、FT-IR、UV-Vis-DRS、PL、PC和EIS等测试技术对光催化剂的物相组成、形貌、光吸收特性和光电化学性能等进行系统表征,并以模型污染物甲基橙(MO)的吸附和光催化降解作为探针来评价BiOBr/Bi_2MoO_6异质结的吸附性能与光催化活性增强机制.SEM和TEM分析结果表明,所得Bi_2MoO_6微球由大量厚度约为20~50 nm的纳米片组成;沉淀-沉积法所得样品的形貌分析显示,尺寸约为10 nm的BiOBr量子点均匀沉积在Bi_2MoO_6微球表面,形成的新颖的BOB/BMO异质结.N2吸附/脱附结果表明,Bi_2MoO_6和BiOBr形成异质结具有大的比表面积(64.94 m2·g-1),且表面孔结构丰富.吸附/光催化降解实验结果表明,与纯Bi_2MoO_6或者BiOBr相比,BOB/BMO异质结表现出更好的吸附性能和光催化活性.吸附/光催化协同作用机理分析表明,BOB/BMO异质结具有大的比表面积和丰富的孔结构是其吸附性能增强的主要原因.此外,光致发光(PL)谱、光电流(PC)和交流阻抗(EIS)分析进一步揭示了BOB/BMO异质结有利于光生载流子的分离与转移,导致光催化活性增强,二者的协同作用使其对MO具有优越的去除性能.此外,BOB/BMO异质结较稳定,重复使用性能良好,有望用于MO废水的实际处理.     

滇西北剑湖沉积物磷形态、空间分布及释放贡献

采用连续分级提取法提取了剑湖沉积物中弱吸附态磷(NH_4Cl-P)、可还原态磷(BD-P)、铁铝氧化态磷(NaOH-rP)、有机质结合态磷(NaOH-nrP)、钙结合态磷(HCl-P)和残渣态磷(Res-P)6种形态的磷,并对表层(0~10 cm)沉积物磷形态水平空间分布、沉积柱芯(0~75 cm)磷形态垂向空间分布和释放贡献特征进行了分析.结果表明:表层沉积物6种磷形态平均含量差别较大,其含量由高到低排序为HCl-PRes-PNaOH-rPNaOH-nrPBD-PNH_4Cl-P;HCl-P含量是NH_4Cl-P的72倍,3种稳定磷形态(HCl-P、Res-P和NaOH-rP)含量是3种潜在可移动磷形态(NaOH-nrP、BD-P和NH_4Cl-P)含量的6.5倍.NH_4Cl-P、BD-P、NaOH-nrP和NaOH-rP含量的变异系数明显高于HCl-P和Res-P含量的变异系数.尽管表层沉积物6种磷形态的水平空间分布特征不尽相同,4条主要入湖河流入湖口区6种磷形态含量平均值之和是湖周浅水区的1.40倍,但能指示出入湖河流是外源磷污染物输入的主要通道.虽然沉积柱芯6种磷形态垂向空间分布特征各异,6种磷形态入湖口区表层平均含量分别是底层的1.60、1.87、1.87、1.61、1.18和1.15倍,其他湖区表层平均含量分别是底层的1.18、1.34、1.39、1.41、0.97和0.83倍,但除HCl-P和Res-P在其他湖区为随深度增加而缓慢递增外,基本上能反映出6种磷形态含量在入湖口区随深度增加而递减的程度都远强于其他湖区.外源磷输入和人为活动影响是3种潜在可移动磷形态和NaOH-rP的主要因素,流域地质背景是HCl-P和Res-P的主要影响因素.6种磷形态在入湖口区快释放贡献率多为负值,表示以滞留状态为主,慢释放贡献率全为正值,表示都为释放状态,滞留贡献最大和释放贡献最大的都是NaOH-rP;其他湖区快释放贡献率和慢释放贡献率多为正值,表示都以释放状态为主,NaOH-rP释放贡献最大,Res-P滞留贡献最大.     

大渡河干海子滑坡稳定性研究

干海子滑坡位于大渡河流域,规模巨大.为研究该滑坡的稳定性,在对滑坡基本特征及变形破坏特征等深入研究的基础上,采用极限平衡法(Geo-slope软件)和有限差分法(FLAC-3D软件)对该滑坡的稳定性和应力应变特征进行了计算、模拟.稳定性计算模拟主要从深层、浅层及局部稳定三方面入手分析,计算模拟结果与滑坡的宏现地质现象均...