地震台站观测系统的防雷技术——以陕西为例

雷电对地震观测台站的危害已成为影响台站长期稳定运行的重要因素之一。针对地震台站观测系统建设,从4个方面对避雷技术进行了分析设计。同时以陕西省的地震观测台站为例,具体说明了防雷措施的应用方法及应用效果。     

How can net petroleum importers achieve risk aversion in a globalized world: a multi-regional input–output perspective

Net embodied petroleum importers face greater petroleum security risks in international trade due to their high foreign dependence. Therefore, paying better attention to the national flows and drivers of embodied petroleum consumption can effectively serve net embodied petroleum importers to avoid petroleum security risks and formulate environmental protection policy. This study utilized the multi-regional input–output model to determine the top five embodied petroleum net importers (i.e., the USA, Japan, Germany, the UK, and France) under the economic globalization, and traced the flows of embodied petroleum consumption through international trade. Combined with the logarithmic mean Divisia index method, this study also deeply investigated the drivers of changes embodied petroleum in net imports. The results show that from the perspective of international trade, the USA was not only the largest importer but also the largest exporter of embodied petroleum. Among the trade flows of embodied petroleum, the largest trade flow was from China to the USA, which indicated that China was the world factory and the USA was the consumer power. The embodied petroleum trade markets of Germany, the UK, and France was mainly distributed in Europe & Eurasia resulted from European economic integration. The largest contributor to the decrease of embodied petroleum imports in the top 4 net importers was the petroleum intensity effect. Meanwhile, the import dependence effect was the largest contributor to the increase of France’s embodied petroleum net imports. In order to further avoid the risk of petroleum security, it is an effective path worth exploring to construct the diversified petroleum product import strategy and improve energy efficiency.

     

北京市臭氧污染跳变型特征及影响因素分析

基于2016~2022年北京市环境监测和气象观测数据,结合后向轨迹聚类和潜在源区贡献分析北京市臭氧（O₃）污染特征、气象影响和潜在源区.结果表明,2016~2022年北京市共发生41次具有跳变特征的O₃污染过程,平均为5.9次·a^-1,发生时间集中在5~7月,跳变当日（OJD2）较跳变前一日（OJD1）的ρ（O₃-8h）平均值偏高78.3%,峰值浓度偏高78.9%,OJD2区域O₃浓度高值带呈现由南向北推进的特征.北京市跳变O₃污染发生主要原因可归纳为不利气象条件导致的本地积累叠加区域传输影响.跳变型O₃污染发生时具有偏南风频率增加、温度上升、气压降低和降水减少的特征,偏南风频率增加为O₃及其前体物的传输提供条件,在本地高温作用下快速发生光化学反应,叠加降水较少,综合推高OJD2的O₃浓度水平.聚类分析得到6条气团输送路径,OJD2来自偏北方向的气团减少11.2%,来自偏南和偏东方向气团增加6.7%和4.4%,气团以短距离传输为主,偏南和偏东方向对应的O₃浓度较高,对北京污染贡献较大.潜在源区分析揭示OJD2的O₃污染的主要潜在源区是京津冀中南部和东部,贡献了82.6%污染轨迹.跳变型O₃污染区域输送贡献明显,需要加强京津冀区域联防联控．     

氧化石墨烯负载铁锰复合材料对镉砷污染土壤的钝化修复

为修复受到镉砷复合污染的农田土壤,将铁锰氧化物负载于氧化石墨烯表面,制备得到了新型氧化石墨烯负载铁锰复合材料.在此基础上开展了为期60 d土壤培养试验,通过对pH、DOC含量、土壤有效态Cd和As含量动态变化,以及土壤Cd和As形态的测定,探究了氧化石墨烯（GO）和氧化石墨烯负载铁锰复合材料（GO-FM）在不同添加比例下（0.1%、0.2%和0.3%）,对上虞和佛山两种理化性质和污染程度不同的土壤中Cd和As的钝化效果,并阐明其相应修复机制.结果表明,与空白对照相比,GO-FM提高了酸性上虞土的pH,但使佛山土pH降低.培养结束后,GO和GO-FM处理均增加了土壤DOC含量.GO-FM使佛山土可溶态Cd含量降低了5.08%~19.19%,有效态Cd含量降低了36.57%~42.8%,其主要钝化机制是静电吸附、络合和羟基化金属离子的形成.而酸性上虞土受静电斥力的影响使得GO-FM对Cd的钝化效果低于佛山土,但随着材料添加量的增加,GO-FM使氧化石墨烯增加土壤Cd有效性的趋势得到了抑制,添加0.2%和0.3%的GO-FM使上虞土有效态Cd含量降低了6.45%~13.56%.同时,复合材料通过锰氧化物对As的氧化作用以及As与铁氧化物表面羟基形成内表面螯合物的钝化机制,促使上虞土和佛山土的有效态As含量分别降低了4.34%~9.15%和0.87%~5.71%.总之,在佛山土中GO-FM对Cd的钝化效果优于上虞土,在上虞土中GO-FM对As的钝化效果优于佛山土.研究结果可为不同类型土壤镉砷复合污染防治提供理论依据和参考.     

苏南五市秋冬季PM2.5化学组成特征和空间差异

于2020年9月至2021年2月在苏南五市(南京、苏州、无锡、常州和镇江)收集PM_2.5滤膜样品,分析了各样品中的水溶性无机离子和碳质组分.结果表明,苏南五市PM_2.5各组分中ρ(NO₃^-)均为最高[(9.54±10.1)～(12.1±11.3)μg·m^-3],比其它目标组分高约2倍以上.由于受更多道路扬尘和燃煤源的影响,常州市PM_2.5中Ca²⁺、Cl^-、OC和EC的浓度平均值高于其它4个城市.将所有目标组分浓度相加得到重构PM_2.5(r PM_2.5)浓度,发现各城市r PM_2.5浓度均由二次无机离子(NH₄⁺、NO₃^-和SO₄^2-,SNA)主导,占比高达(59.2%±11.1%)～(70.8%±9.72%),且r ...     

基于ANSYS的界面化核电站取水构筑物配筋程序开发

在实际工程应用中,对于结构复杂安全等级高的核电水工结构,相关的通用设计软件尚未形成。利用ANSYS二次开发工具APDL、UIDL以及Tcl/Tk可视化工具命令语言,针对核电站取水构筑物开发了一整套程序,包括了建模、计算以及后处理,后处理部分为内力计算和配筋可视化程序,简化了操作流程。算例表明,内力提取程序运算结果精度良好,可以用于配筋设计,利用配筋可视化程序对工程实例进行的配筋及裂缝验算,结果符合工程要求,针对配筋结果提出了墙体优化设计的建议。通过在ANSYS中实现内力计算和可视化配筋程序,可用于解决核电水工结构设计问题,有良好的工程适用性。     

Gridded usage inventories of chlordane in China

Chlordane (1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-3a,4,7, 7a-tetra-hydro-4,7-methanoindane) is one of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) which has been listed as one of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to be reduced and finally eliminated in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, because of its great persistence, toxicity, bio-accumulation and long-range transport potential. It is critical to create a national chlordane usage inventories for China to compile chlordane emission inventories, which is helpful for carrying out risk assessments and other researches related to chlordane in China. The annual data of chlordane usage was calculated and modified in accordance with the reported annual production of chlordane which was caculated on the basis of the termite distribution, the data of chlordane usage rate and the annual new construction area (NCA).With the help of Geographic Information System, the usage data of this NCA were allocated to a grid system then, with a 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution and a size for each grid cell of approximately 25 km by 25 km. Between 1988 and 2008, the total usage of chlordane in China was 2745 t, accounting for approximately 80% of the production in the same period. Zhejiang Province was the largest consumer of chlordane in China, whose usage adds up to 980 t, greatly exceeding other provinces/regions, followed by Jiangsu Province (534 t) and Sichuan Province (428 t). The region with the least usage of chlordane was Beijing. Provinces of Guizhou, Henan and Hebei did not use any chlordane, even though termites had occurred in these provinces. Gridded usage inventories showed that the intensive use of chlordane was concentrated in the southeast part of China, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta in particular. The satisfaction of the inventories was supported by the consistence between the estimated data of annual usage and the reported annual production of chlordane, and by the consistence between distribution pattern of chlordane’s usage and ambient air concentration.     

毒性鉴别评价方法对城镇污水处理厂去除水中有毒物质的分析实例

以江苏省常州市城北污水算处理厂的进水、活性污泥处理系统的出水以及A^2O处理工艺的出水为研究对象,对进出水进行Daphnia magna急性毒性试验。结果表明,进水对Daphnia magna具有24h急性毒性,经过活性污泥处理工艺处理及A^2O处理工艺处理,两股出水均不显示24h急性毒性,采用毒性鉴别评价（Toxicity Identification Evaluation,TE）方法对进水进行监测和评价,发现曝气可去除进水的毒性,C18固相提取亦可去除进水毒性,进水中存在的主要毒物为易挥发的非极性有机化合物,进一步检测可知,进水中的关键毒物主要为邻丙基甲醛肟、1,1－甲基乙基－2－甲氧基苯酚、2－氮,氮二甲基苯甲醇等,此外,对2个处理系统出水进行GC／MS分析,可知出水中关键毒物基本被去除。     

农牧交错区土地荒漠化与生物多样性研究--以宁夏盐池县为例

采用α-多样性指数即Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、群落均匀度指数Jsw和Js和β-多样性指数(相似性系数Cs)研究宁夏盐池县草原群落在不同荒漠化治理措施下(人工封育、退耕还林、撂荒)生物多样性变化.2002和2003年固定样地观测数据表明,到2003年,各样地的α-多样性指数均有不同程度的提高,以撂荒地和退耕还林地α-多样性变化较大.Simpson指数、Js指数变化最为明显,分别平均增加了140%、109%,Shannon-Wiener指数、Jsw指数次之,分别增加67%、49%.人工封育不同处理区α-多样性指数也有较大变化,由核心＞边缘＞外围,变为边缘＞核心＞外围排列次序.β-多样性的研究结果同样表明,各样地的种类组成发生了一定的变化.文章还进一步分析了引起生物多样性变化的主要原因.     

铜陵矿区土壤中镉存在形态及生物有效性

采取Tessier连续提取法，研究铜陵矿区不同功能区表层土壤中镉的化学形态分布和生物有效性。结果表明，各种土壤中的镉含量全部高于地区背景值，主要来源与矿业活动有关，部分样品还有矿体的风化富集叠加，土壤镉污染指数PCd为1．15～79。镉含量依次为矿体风化土壤→废矿堆下垫土→市郊菜地土→矿区铜草土、路边土和稻田土→其它土壤。其形态分布，酸性土壤中以Fe-Mn氧化态和可交换态为主，其余三态相对较低；碱性土壤中有机态和残渣态比例较高，碳酸盐态和可交换态所占的比例低。土壤中生物可利用态镉的含量较高，占土壤总镉的60．20%-98．3％，生物不可利用态仅占1．7％-39．2％。