面向可持续发展的技术创新:从技术预见到战略选择

本文研究了技术预见、关键技术选择和技术创新之间的关系,从方法学、科学技术观的角度分析了技术预见、关键技术选择在技术创新战略中的地位和作用,提出技术预见和关键技术选择是制订和实施技术创新战略的重要手段和基础,应当成为国家创新体系的重要组成部分。建立面向可持续发展的技术创新体系,对落实全面、协调、可持续的科学发展观,实现社会和谐发展具有战略意义。本文分析了传统的技术创新与可持续发展的差异,提出适应当今经济社会发展方向的技术创新应追求经济、社会和环境效益的统一。本文还探讨了在我国开展技术预见和关键技术选择的方法和应遵循的原则,提出应从战略视角把握关键技术选择,进一步指出在技术预见的基础上促进面向可持续发展的技术创新体系建设对实现我国可持续发展战略目标具有重大意义。     

国外防护服技术的发展

近十几年来,国际上防护服技术发展非常迅速,主要表现在:国际性学术会议举行频繁;学术性团体相继成立;学术论文数量增加很快;新品种不断出现;市场形势看好。发展迅速的主要原因是:皮肤防护意识的加强;法规和标准化建设的推动;新型防护材料的发展;基础研究工作的深入。但就整体而言,防护服技术仍是一个比较年轻的处于初始阶段的学科,许多问题有待解决。预计近期内仍将是一种蓬勃发展的形势。     

重大工业危险源(罐区)监控预警系统

系统建立了管理软件和硬件监控相结合的安全生产监控预警系统，在安全管理的基 础上，把罐区诸多的危险参数给予实时监测、报警和控制。本系统实现了生产过程控制与安全监控 相结合，安全监测报警与事故预案相结合，既满足了生产控制又实现了动态的安全管理，对安全生产 具有较大意义。     

Pilot-scale experiments on multilevel contact oxidation treatment of poultry farm wastewater using saran lock carriers under different operation model

A pilot-scale multilevel contact oxidation reactors system, coupled with saran lock carriers,was applied for the treatment of poultry farm wastewater. The removal efficiencies of CODcr, ammonia, and the total nitrogen as well as the elimination performance of CODcr and total nitrogen along the three-level contact oxidation tanks under six designed operational models were investigated. Based on the performance of the nitrogen removal of the saran lock carriers and the distribution of anoxic–aerobic interspace under the suitable operation model, the mechanism of nitrogen removal of the system was also explored. The results revealed that the intermittent aeration under parallel model is the most suitable operation model, while the removal efficiencies of CODcr, ammonia, and the total nitrogen were 86.86%, 84.04%, and 80.96%, respectively. The effluent concentration of CODcr,ammonia, and the total nitrogen were 55.6 mg/L, 8.3 mg/L, and 12.0 mg/L, which satisfy both the discharge standard of pollutants for livestock and poultry breeding industry(GB18596–2001) and the first grade of the integrated wastewater discharge standard(GB 8978–1996). Moreover, the mechanism for the nitrogen removal should be attributed to the plenty of anoxic–aerobic interspaces of the biofilm and the three-dimensional spiral structure of the saran lock carriers, where the oxygen-deficient distribution was suitable for the happening of the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process. Therefore, the multilevel contact oxidation tanks system is an effective pathway for the treatment of the poultry farm wastewater on the strength of a suitable operation model and novel carriers.     

浅海平台油气火灾事故模拟评估应用

全球海洋油气开发重特大火灾事故频发,油气生产安全面临严峻挑战,以我国浅海某中心平台组为研究对象,对可能发生的三相分离器喷射火火灾、管线交叉处喷射火火灾、生产平台池火火灾以及储罐平台池火火灾,采用FDS软件建立该平台组的火灾动力学模型,对油气泄漏后火灾的发展态势、火场温度、热辐射强度、设备温度以及不同火灾工况的对比分析,研究火灾发生后对人员伤害,以及平台上油气管线、分离器、油气储罐、平台栈桥等重要设备安全性的影响,并提出操作人员和重要设备的安全距离。针对火灾事故风险控制提出建议措施,对海上火灾风险分析未来研究方向进行阐述。     

江苏太仓5.1级地震震害及启示

本文对江苏太仓5.1级地震造成的灾因进行了较为客观的分析,并在此基础上,提出了相应的对策。     

Catalytic amination and dechlorination of para-nitrochlorobenzene (p-NCB) in water over palladium-iron bimetallic catalyst

Chemical treatment of para-nitrochlorobenzene (p-NCB) by palladium/iron (Pd/Fe) bimetallic particles represents one of the latest innovative technologies for the remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater. The amination and dechlorination reaction is believed to take place predominantly on the surface site of the Pd/Fe catalysts. The p-NCB was first transformed to p-chloroaniline (p-CAN) then quickly reduced to aniline. 100% of p-NCB was removed in 30 min when bimetallic Pd/Fe particles with 0.03% Pd at the Pd/Fe mass concentration of 3g 75 ml(-1) were used. The p-NCB removal efficiency and the subsequent dechlorination rate increased with the increase of bulk loading of palladium and Pd/Fe. As expected, p-NCB removal efficiency increased with temperature as well. In particular, the removal efficiency of p-NCB was measured to be 67%, 79%, 80%, 90% and 100% for reaction temperature 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 degrees C, respectively. Our results show that no other intermediates were generated besides Cl(-), p-CAN and aniline during the catalytic amination and dechlorination of p-NCB.     

企业安全质量标准化管理体系的建立与实施

1引言 安全质量标准化管理体系是市场经济条件下的安全科学管理方法,它是一套系统化、程序化、具有自我约束、持续改进机制的科学管理体系.下面,就企业安全质量标准化管理体系的建立与实施谈一下笔者粗浅的看法.     

西吉震湖群

大地震造成山崩、滑坡壅塞河道形成的堰塞湖,在高烈度区里是较为常见的自然现象。但堰塞湖成群成串的出现,在一乡之内竟多达15处,不仅在国内是独一无二的,在全球也是非常罕见的。