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261.
262.
Fahe Chai Abdelwahid Mellouki Christian George Yujing Mu Jianmin Chen Hong Li 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2018,30(9):1
正Air pollution as well as climate change and their possible effects on the environment,ecosystems and human health,are pressing challenges.Nowadays,it is clear that sustainable societal development cannot remain solely wealth-oriented,but must take into account the present and future environmental issues.However,this approach is possible only if scientifically sound knowledge in all environmental areas becomes available to our societies and decision makers,which requires a firm 相似文献
263.
Michel Houtermans George Apostolakis Aarnout Brombacher Dimitrios Karydas 《Safety Science》2002,40(9):1733
The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the use of the Dynamic Flowgraph Methodology (DFM) during the design and verification of programmable electronic safety-related systems. The safety system consists of hardware as well as software. This paper explains and demonstrates the use of DFM, and how DFM can be used to verify the hardware and application software design. DFM is used not only to analyze newly developed software but also to verify existing software. The outcome of the design verification of the safety system is used to define the necessary diagnostic capabilities that are essential to guarantee the correct functioning of the safety functions. 相似文献
264.
Suzanne Keeling George Moutafis Bernadette Hayman Peter Coloe 《Water environment research》2007,79(5):561-566
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method was developed to differentiate between pathogenic and nonpathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli). A pathogenicity marker, linked to the deletion of the ygfB gene, was identified in 80% of the clinical E. coli isolates tested. This marker, combined with the malic acid dehydrogenase gene, formed the duplex PCR that was subsequently used to screen E. coli isolates recovered from two secondary wastewater treatment plants (STPs) and a river site. All waters samples are used to irrigate dairy farm pasture in the West Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia. Results from three consecutive months of sampling (December 2001 and January and February 2002) indicated that Longwarry STP showed 8, 8, and 0% pathogenic E. coli; Pakenham STP showed 0, 12.5, and 33%; and the Bunyip river site showed 20, 12, and 25% respectively. 相似文献
265.
A variety of emerging chemicals of concern are released continuously to surface water through the municipal wastewater effluent discharges. The ability to rapidly determine bioaccumulation of these contaminants in exposed fish without sacrificing the animal (i.e. in vivo) would be of significant advantage to facilitate research, assessment and monitoring of their risk to the environment. In this study, an in vivo solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) approach was developed and applied to the measurement of a variety of emerging contaminants (carbamazepine, naproxen, diclofenac, gemfibrozil, bisphenol A, fluoxetine, ibuprofen and atrazine) in fish. Our results indicated in vivo SPME was a potential alternative extraction technique for quantitative determination of contaminants in lab exposures and as well after exposure to two municipal wastewater effluents (MWWE), with a major advantage over conventional techniques due to its ability to non-lethally sample tissues of living organisms. 相似文献
266.
267.
George R. Holdren Jr. Timothy C. Strickland Bernard J. Cosby David Marmorek David Bernard Robert Santore Charles T. Driscoll Linda Pardo Carolyn Hunsaker Robert S. Turner John Aber 《Environmental management》1993,17(3):355-363
The critical loads approach is emerging as an attractive means for evaluating the effects of atmospheric deposition on sensitive
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Various approaches are available for modeling ecosystem responses to deposition and for
estimating critical load values. These approaches include empirical and statistical relationships, steady-state and simple
process models, and integrated-effects models. For any given ecosystem, the most technically sophisticated approach will not
necessarily be the most appropriate for all applications; identification of the most useful approach depends upon the degree
of accuracy needed and upon data and computational requirements, biogeochemical processes being modeled, approaches used for
representing model results on regional bases, and desired degree of spatial and temporal resolution. Different approaches
are characterized by different levels of uncertainty. If the limitations of individual approaches are known, the user can
determine whether an approach provides a reasonable basis for decision making. Several options, including point maps, grid
maps, and ecoregional maps, are available for presenting model results in a regional context. These are discussed using hypothetical
examples for choosing populations and damage limits.
The research described in this article has been funded by the US Environmental Protection Agency. This document has been prepared
at the EPA Environmental Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon, through contract #68-C8-0006 with ManTech Environmental
Technology, Inc., and Interagency Agreement #1824-B014-A7 with the U.S. Department of Energy and at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
managed by Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., under Contract DE-AC05-84OR21400 with the US Department of Energy. Environmental
Sciences Division Publication No. 3904. It has been subjected to the agency’s peer and administrative review and approved
for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. 相似文献
268.
Kevin J. Delaney J. Andrew Roberts George W. Uetz 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,62(1):67-75
Male signaling behaviors are often studied in a single context but may serve multiple functions (e.g., in male–male competition
and female mate choice). We examined the issue of dual function male signals in a wolf spider species Schizocosa ocreata (Hentz) that displays the same species-specific signaling behaviors in both male–male and male–female contexts. These signaling
behaviors have been described as either aggression or courtship according to the context observed. We tested the possibility
of dual functions by comparing the relationship between behaviors and outcome of male–male contests (winner/loser) and male–female
mating encounters (mating success). Frequency, rate, and mean duration of signaling behaviors did not vary with outcome of
male–male contests, which appears instead to be based upon relative size and body mass. Winners of contests had significantly
greater body mass than losers, and greater mass relative to opponents was significantly associated with probability of winning.
Overall, signaling rates were much higher in male–female interactions than in male–male contests and were higher for males
that successfully mated than for those that did not mate. Mean duration of some male displays was also greater for males that
successfully mated. However, male size was not associated with probability of mating. Taken together, results suggest an intersexual
selection context for the current function of male signals in these wolf spiders and that increased display vigor is associated
with male mating success. 相似文献
269.
George Roff Sonia Bejarano Yves-Marie Bozec Maggy Nugues Robert S. Steneck Peter J. Mumby 《Marine Biology》2014,161(6):1385-1393
The 1997/1998 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was the most severe coral bleaching event in recent history, resulting in the loss of 16 % of the world’s coral reefs. Mortality was particularly severe in French Polynesia, where unprecedented mortality of massive Porites was observed in lagoonal sites of Rangiroa Atoll. To assess the recovery of massive Porites 15 years later, we resurveyed the size structure and extent of partial mortality of massive Porites at Tivaru (Rangiroa). Surveys revealed an abundance of massive Porites colonies rising from the shallow lagoonal floor. Colony width averaged 2.65 m, reaching a maximum of 7.1 m (estimated age of ~391 ± 107 years old). The relative cover of recently dead skeleton within quadrats declined from 42.8 % in 1998 to zero in 2013, yet the relative cover of old dead skeleton increased only marginally from 22.1 % in 1998 to 26.1 % in 2013. At a colony level, the proportion of Porites dominated by living tissue increased from 34.9 % in 1998 to 73.9 % in 2013, indicating rapid recovery of recent dead skeleton to living tissue rather than transitioning to old dead skeleton. Such rapid post-bleaching recovery is unprecedented in massive Porites and resulted from remarkable self-regeneration termed the ‘Phoenix effect’, whereby remnant cryptic patches of tissue that survived the 1997/1998 ENSO event regenerated and rapidly overgrew adjacent dead skeleton. Contrary to our earlier predictions, not only are large massive Porites relatively resistant to stress, they appear to have a remarkable capacity for recovery even after severe partial mortality. 相似文献
270.
Monitoring of contaminant accumulation in fish has been conducted in East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee
since 1985. Bioaccumulation trends are examined over a twenty year period coinciding with major pollution abatement actions
by a Department of Energy facility at the stream’s headwaters. Although EFPC is enriched in many contaminants relative to
other local streams, only polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and mercury (Hg) were found to accumulate in the edible portions
of fish to levels of human health concern. Mercury concentrations in redbreast sunfish were found to vary with season of collection,
sex and size of individual fish. Over the course of the monitoring, waterborne Hg concentrations were reduced >80%; however,
this did not translate into a comparable decrease in Hg bioaccumulation at most sites. Mercury bioaccumulation in fish did
respond to decreased inputs in the industrialized headwater reach, but paradoxically increased in the lowermost reach of EFPC.
As a result, the downstream pattern of Hg concentration in fish changed from one resembling dilution of a headwater point
source in the 1980s to a uniform distribution in the 2000s. The reason for this remains unknown, but is hypothesized to involve
changes in the chemical form and reactivity of waterborne Hg associated with the removal of residual chlorine and the addition
of suspended particulates to the streamflow. PCB concentrations in fish varied greatly from year-to-year, but always exhibited
a pronounced downstream decrease, and appeared to respond to management practices that limited episodic inputs from legacy
sources within the facility. 相似文献