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191.
The operational parameter MRT%FE, representing the mean residence time of different ages fractions of effluent within a completely mixed reactor, was evaluated and integrated with first order kinetics. The parameter was used to model Escherichia coli concentrations in a municipal wastewater reservoir managed under different operating conditions (continuous and discontinuous). The study was conducted during 2004-2005 in a reservoir receiving effluents from the activated sludge treatment plant of Caltagirone (Eastern Sicily - Italy). The analytical approach is applied to the hydraulic state variables of the system (daily stored volumes, inlet and outlet flows), and the physical-chemical (pH, temperature, EC, TSS, BOD(5), COD) and bacteriological wastewater parameters (E. coli, FC, FS). In order to evaluate the reliability of the proposed approach, predicted E. coli concentrations within the reservoir were compared with measured ones by the correlation coefficient, F-test and Sperman's index. The study included the evaluation of die-off coefficient K(T) (d(-1)), light extinction coefficient K (m(-1)) and their relationships with climatic factors. Results of the study confirm that E. coli removal is related to the fractions of fresh effluent remaining each day within the reservoir with MRT%FE of about 5-8d, significantly lower than the nominal detention time (about 27d). The E. coli die-off coefficient (K(T)) was higher during system discontinuous operations and correlated with incident solar radiation and water temperature. 相似文献
192.
PCDD/Fs in ambient air in north-east Italy: The role of a MSWI inside an industrial area 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Andrea Colombo Emilio Benfenati Giulio Mariani Marco Lodi Roberto Marras Giuseppe Rotella Vincenzo Senese Elena Fattore Roberto Fanelli 《Chemosphere》2009,77(9):1224-1229
The stack gases of a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI), and ambient air were sampled in four locations around the plant for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs). The sampling area was close to an industrial area near Trieste, in north-east Italy. The purpose of the study was to estimate the impact of the MSWI emissions and to distinguish the contribution of these emissions from other potential emission sources in the industrial area.PCDD/F atmospheric concentrations were similar to those generally detected in urban–rural areas with one location about 2–3 times more contaminated than the others. Since the most contaminated location was inside the industrial area but upwind of the MSWI, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to establish whether other sources were the cause. This analysis clearly showed that a local steel plant’s emission was the main source of PCDDs/Fs in ambient air. This study highlights the usefulness of multivariate data analysis such as PCA to identify, among different potential emission sources, the one really responsible for the contamination. 相似文献
193.
Giuseppe Ungherese 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(4):1360-1364
Although many studies have focused on trace metals accumulation, investigations of talitrid amphipods as biomarkers are rare. This study explores the possibility of using the solar orientation capacity of Talitrus saltator as a behavioural marker of exposure to two essential (Cu and Zn) and two non-essential (Cd and Hg) metals. LC50 analyses performed before the solar orientation tests showed that the 72 h LC50 for Hg was 0.02 ppm while the 96 h LC50 values for Cu, Cd and Zn were 13.28 ppm, 27.66 ppm, and 62.74 ppm, respectively. The presence of metals in seawater affects the solar orientation capacity of T. saltator in a concentration-dependent manner and according to the toxicity ranking of the metals (Hg > Cu > Cd > Zn). Therefore, the solar orientation capacity of T. saltator seems to be a promising behavioural marker for exposure to trace metals. 相似文献
194.
Otto S Altissimo L Zanin G 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(2):109-113
- DOI: http://dx.doi/10.1065/espr2006.01.016
Background and Goal Agricultural practices can affect the quality of aquifers given that they are often located in cropped areas, so significant
amounts of pesticides can be found in the water. In particular, triazine herbicides are always carefully checked by the official
monitoring systems. The goal of this study was to find the mean concentration of terbuthylazine in an Italian aquifer and
to set up a mass balance of this compound.
Methods Terbuthylazine concentrations in the aquifer were measured in various check-wells during 1998–2004, and the value of censored
data were estimated using a Gompertz inverse in order to evaluate the overall mean concentration. The total terbuthylazine
load in the recharge area was calculated on the basis of surveys of cropped land and the main weed control techniques applied
in the area. Data on aquifer water balance were obtained from previous studies.
Results and Discussion The herbicide terbuthylazine applied in the recharge zone can be transported by surface water and enter the aquifer. Detected
concentrations were always well below the EU drinking water limit and the fraction that can reach the groundwater under normal
cropping practices is small, very likely less than 0.2%.
Recommendations and Outlook The use and application rates of pesticides should be strictly regulated in recharge areas. Vegetated buffer strips can mitigate
the impact of herbicides on surface water through reducing drift and early-spring runoff. Attention should also be paid to
the fate of the main metabolites from soil biochemical processes. 相似文献
195.
196.
197.
Dario Di Giuseppe Gianluca Bianchini Livia Vittori Antisari Annalisa Martucci Claudio Natali Luigi Beccaluva 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(5):2925-2940
This geochemical study is focused on the easternmost part of the Po River alluvial plain in Northern Italy, which is interested by widespread agricultural activities, investigating a reclaimed sector of the Province of Ferrara, known as “Valle del Mezzano” (Mezzano Low Land, hereafter reported as MLL) characterized by peat-rich soils. The chemical–mineralogical characterization of these reclaimed soils is important to compare the local geochemical backgrounds with those recorded in other sectors of the River Po plain and to monitor if the observed concentration exceeds critical thresholds. The reported analyses include (a) measurement of the soil salinity, (b) nutrient evaluation, (c) major and trace element concentrations carried out on bulk soils, (d) tests of metal extraction with both aqua regia and EDTA to highlight the distinct elemental mobility and (e) phyto-toxicological measurement of heavy metal concentrations in plants (Lactuca sativa acephala) grown on the studied soils. The results indicate (1) high soil salinity, often with drastic increase of sodium and chloride along the soil profiles, (2) high nitrogen content (in part related to anthropogenic activities) on superficial horizons and nitrate decrease along the soil profiles and (3) comparative enrichments in heavy metals with respect to other soils of the province, which indicate that peat deposits are effective in trapping metals from anthropogenic sources. This, in turn, implies potential geochemical risks for the agricultural activities. In this regard, specific concerns are related to the high nickel and arsenic content of MLL soils due to the mobility of these elements and their attitude to be taken up by plants. 相似文献
198.
Chiara Guarisco Giovanni Palmisano Giuseppe Calogero Rosaria Ciriminna Gaetano Di Marco Vittorio Loddo Mario Pagliaro Francesco Parrino 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(19):11135-11141
Sensitized P25 TiO2 was prepared by wet impregnation with a home-prepared perylene dye, i.e., N,N′-bis(2-(1-piperazino)ethyl)-3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic acid diimide dichloride (PZPER). Energy levels of PZPER were found to be compatible with those of TiO2 allowing fast electron transfer. The obtained catalyst has been characterized and used in the gas-phase partial oxidation of aliphatic primary and secondary alcohols, i.e., methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol. The reaction was carried out under cut-off (λ?>?400 nm) simulated solar radiation in O2 atmosphere. The perylene derivative allowed a good absorbance of visible radiation thanks to its low optical energy gap (2.6 eV) which was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry. The optimal organic sensitizing amount was found to be 5.6 % w/w in terms of yield in carbonyl derivatives. Moreover, no change in reactivity/selectivity was observed after 10-h irradiation thus confirming the catalyst stability. Yields into formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were 67, 70, and 96 %, respectively. No significant amounts of organic byproducts were detected but for methanol oxidation, whereas a minor amount of the substrate degraded to CO2. 相似文献
199.
Mauro De Marchis Giuseppe Ciraolo Carmelo Nasello Enrico Napoli 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2012,12(1):81-100
The hydrodynamic circulation is analyzed in the coastal lagoon of Stagnone di Marsala, a natural reserve located in the north-western part of Sicily, using both experimental measurements and numerical simulations.
Field measurements of velocities and water levels, carried out using an ultrasound sensor (3D), are used to validate the numerical
model. A 3D finite-volume model is used to solve the Reynolds-averaged momentum and mass balance differential equations on
a curvilinear structured grid, employing the k–e{\varepsilon} turbulence model for the Reynolds stresses. The numerical analysis allows to identify the relative contribution of the forces
affecting the hydrodynamic circulation inside the lagoon. In the simulations only wind and tide forces are considered, neglecting
the effects of water density changes. Two different conditions are considered. In the first both the wind stress over the
free-surface and the tidal motion are imposed. In the second the wind action is neglected, to separately analyze the tide-induced
circulation. The comparison between the two test cases highlights the fundamental role of the wind on the hydrodynamics of
the Stagnone lagoon, producing a strong vertical recirculation pattern that is not observed when the flow is driven by tides
only. 相似文献
200.
Giuseppe?BoncoraglioEmail author Manuela?Caprioli Nicola?Saino 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2012,66(4):539-546
Reproduction entails parental decisions over allocation of limiting resources. ‘Begging’ solicitation displays by the offspring
have been hypothesised to evolve as reliable indicators of quality, allowing parents to adopt optimal allocation strategies.
To function as such, however, begging signals must covary with offspring traits that affect viability. Here we tested whether
oxidative damage of nestling barn swallows predicts begging bout duration, call amplitude and intensity of postural displays
both under normal food provisioning and under food shortage. Oxidative damage as determined by normal metabolism, pathological
conditions and functioning of the immune system can serve as a comprehensive indicator of offspring condition because it can
profoundly affect viability, senescence and reproduction. Begging bout duration was negatively predicted by oxidative damage
but only after food deprivation. Postural begging negatively covaried with oxidative damage, at least when nestlings were
confronted with related nest mates. Plasma antioxidant capacity did not predict begging behaviour. Thus, we show for the first
time that behavioural begging covaries with a comprehensive index of chick condition, lending support to reliability of such
begging traits also as signals of quality rather than need or hunger only. Future studies are candidate to decouple the effect
of hunger state and individual condition on behavioural begging. 相似文献