Cattle manure biochar and earthworm interactively affected CO2 and N2O emissions in agricultural and forest soils: Observation of a distinct difference

• Earthworms increase CO₂ and N₂O emissions in agricultural and forest soil. • 10% biochar suppresses CO₂ and N₂O emissions in forest soil. • Biochar interacted with earthworm to significant affect CO₂ and N₂O emissions. The application of manure-derived biochar offers an alternative to avoid the direct application of manure to soil causing greenhouse gas emission. Soil fauna, especially earthworms, can markedly stimulate carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from soil. This study therefore investigated the effect of cattle manure biochar (added at rates of 0, 2%, or 10%, coded as BC0, BC2 and BC10, respectively) application, with or without earthworm Aporrectodea turgida, on emissions of CO₂ and N₂O and changes of physic-chemical properties of agricultural and forest soils in a laboratory incubation experiment. The BC10 treatment significantly enhanced cumulative CO₂ emissions by 27.9% relative to the untreated control in the agricultural soil. On the contrary, the BC2 and BC10 treatments significantly reduced cumulative CO₂ emissions by 16.3%–61.1% and N₂O emissions by 92.9%–95.1% compared to the untreated control in the forest soil. The addition of earthworm alone significantly enhanced the cumulative CO₂ and N₂O fluxes in agricultural and forest soils. Cumulative CO₂ and N₂O fluxes were significantly increased when BC2 and BC10 were applied with earthworm in the agricultural soil, but were significantly reduced when BC10 was applied with earthworm in the forest soil. Our study demonstrated that biochar application interacted with earthworm to affect CO₂ and N₂O emissions, which were also dependent on the soil type involved. Our study suggests that manure biochar application rate and use of earthworm need to be carefully studied for specific soil types to maximize the climate change mitigation potential of such management practices.     

城市污水全量循环方法学研究

城市的快速发展对水资源、水环境的压力不断增大,城市生活污水排放量逐年增长。为节约水资源,改善水环境,将城市污水深度处理后回用于工业、市政等方面,设置不同情景对城市污水全量循环方法学开展研究,以实现城市污水不外排。     

生产过程中的风险控制和安全管理

生产安全管理可以归纳为生产过程中对人、设备、环境风险因素的评估、控制和消除的综合管理.生产企业在开展安全性评价工作的基础上,通过应用风险控制的基本方法,可以对企业的安全管理起到积极的主导作用,促进安全生产良性循环.     

Adsorption of microcystins by carbon nanotubes

The production of cyanobacterial toxins microcystins (MCs) by cyanobacterial bloom which may promote the growth of tumor in human liver is a growing environmental problem worldwide. In this paper, the adsorption of MC-RR and LR, which were extracted from cyanobacterial cells in Dianchi Lake in China, by carbon nanotubes (CNTs), wood-based activated carbon (ACs) and clays were investigated. Compared with ACs and clay materials of sepiolite, kaolinite and talc tested, CNTs were found to have a strong ability in the adsorption of MCs. At the concentrations of 21.5 mg l(-1) MC-RR and 9.6 mg l(-1) MC-LR in 50 mmol phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0), the adsorption amounts of MCs by CNTs with the range of outside diameter from 2 to 10nm were 14.8 and 5.9 mg g(-1), which were about four times higher than those by other adsorbents tested. It was shown that with the decrease of CNTs outside diameters from 60 to 2 nm, the adsorption amount of MCs was apparently increased, however the size of CNTs particles formed in solution declined. This result implies that the size of CNTs tube pore that is fit for the molecular dimension of MCs plays a dominant role. Furthermore the specific surface area of CNTs was also found to be a factor in the adsorption of MCs. The results suggested that the selection of suitable size of CNTs as a kind of adsorbent is very important in the efficient eliminating MCs from drinking water in future.     

Effect of methamidophos and urea application on microbial communities in soils as determined by microbial biomass and community level physiological profiles

In this study, we evaluated the effect of the application by two agrochemicals, methamidophos (O,S-dimethyl phosphoroamidothioate) and urea, on microbial diversity in soil, using the combined approaches of soil microbial biomass analysis and community level physiological profiles (CLPPs). The results showed that both a low and a high level of methamidophos application (CS2 and CS3) and urea application (CS4) significantly decreased microbial biomass C (Cmic) by 41-83% compared with the control (CS1). The soil organic C (Corg) values of CS3 and CS4 were significantly higher and lower by 24% and 14%, respectively, than that of CS1. Similarly to Cmic, the values of Cmic/Corg of the three applied soils which decreased were lower by 31-84% than that of CS1. In contrast, the respiration activity of the three applied soils were significantly higher than the control. Agrochemical application also significantly increased the soil total of N and P (Ntol and Ptol) and decreased the Corg/Ntol and Corg/Ptol values. The CLPPs results showed that the AWCD (average well color development) of the three applied soils were significantly higher than that of CS1 during the incubation period. Substrate richness, Shannon and Simpson indices of microbial communities under chemical stresses, increased significantly. In addition, the CFU (colony-forming unit) numbers of methamidophos metabolized bacteria in CS2 and CS3 also increased significantly by 86.1% and 188.9% compared with that of CS1. The combined results suggest that agrochemicals reduce microbial biomass and enhance functional diversities of soil microbial communities; meanwhile, some species of bacteria may be enriched in soils under methamidophos stress.     

全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)胁迫对翡翠贻贝抗氧化酶的影响

为了解全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)对海洋贝类抗氧化防御系统的毒性效应及致毒机理,在实验室条件下研究了PFOS对翡翠贻贝的96h急性毒性,同时探讨PFOS胁迫和净水恢复过程中翡翠贻贝外套膜和内脏团组织中抗氧化指标(SOD活性、GSH和MDA含量)的变化。结果显示,PFOS对翡翠贻贝的96h半致死浓度(LC50)为68.3mg·L-1,安全浓度为6.83mg·L-1。在PFOS胁迫阶段,1mg·L-1浓度组外套膜SOD活性显著性升高(p<0.05),内脏团SOD酶活性显著降低(p<0.05);而PFOS浓度高于1mg·L-1时,外套膜SOD活性显著性降低(p<0.05),内脏团SOD活性显著升高(p<0.05)。PFOS胁迫对翡翠贻贝外套膜和内脏团中GSH含量均有显著的诱导作用(p<0.05),PFOS胁迫15d后各浓度组GSH含量均受到显著的抑制(p<0.05)。翡翠贻贝外套膜MDA含量受PFOS胁迫后显著升高(p<0.05),内脏团MDA含量的变化呈先降低、后升高的规律。净水释放阶段,翡翠贻贝两组织中SOD活性在释放7d后均恢复至对照组水平,GSH含量和MDA含量呈显著升高的趋势(p<0.05)。研究结果表明,PFOS暴露能够引起翡翠贻贝外套膜和内脏团氧化胁迫,但这种损伤的效果不明显,释放短时间后即可自我恢复。     

菜场有机垃圾压缩脱水特性实验研究

为优化菜场垃圾压缩及脱水机械设计参数,获取最佳的压强值和垃圾在压缩仓内的保压时间,进行了菜场有机垃圾压缩脱水特性实验研究。通过压缩实验及对数据的分析,提出了有机垃圾压缩转运时的合理压缩强度范围为1.5～2.4 kg/cm2;通过压缩脱水实验及对数据的分析得到:压强一定时,保压时间越长,出水量越大;而保压时间一定时,压强增大,脱水率也增加,但2组数据变化均为非线性。对大白菜的实验表明,其合理的脱水压强和保压时间分别为2.4 kg/cm2和30 s左右。     

多次冻融循环人工盐渍土路基模型试验研究∗

青藏铁路西宁至格尔木段为典型的季节性冻土区铁路,冻害频发,严重影响铁路的正常使用和安全运营,为了整治路基体发生冻害,结合成熟的注浆技术和传统撒盐法,提出注盐法整治路基冻害。在室内模型箱中填筑实体模型,进行封闭系统中多次冻融循环条件下人工盐渍土路基模型试验,探究人工盐渍土路基中温度、水分、盐分以及变形规律,验证注盐法整治路基冻害的可行性。试验结果表明：路基土体内温度变化趋势符合环境温度变化趋势的余弦函数变化波动规律,土体内温度变化较环境温度变化推迟36 h左右;温度梯度是引起水分迁移的主要因素,越接近冷端,迁移量越大,在冻结锋面处达到最大;在封闭系统中,盐分随着水分向冷端运移,但是盐分运移量较低,随着周期的推进,盐分呈逐渐降低的趋势;随着温度的周期性变化路基顶面的变形呈现出有规律的冻胀和融沉现象,但是最大冻胀量为0.08 mm,可见路基盐化之后路基土体基本不产生冻胀变形。     

单边界、双边界二分式条件价值评估方法的比较——以北京市空气污染对健康危害问卷调查为例

 以北京市空气污染健康危害经济评价为例,采用目前国际上推荐的条件价值评估最适合的二分式问卷格式,探索条件价值评估最大支付意愿引导技术在我国应用的适用性.结果表明,单边界问卷格式和双边界问卷格式估计平均最大支付意愿分别为739.57,652.33元/年,两问卷格式估计平均最大支付意愿的95%置信区间分别为656.49～845.34,604.04～707.01元/年.双边界问卷格式与单边界问卷格式相比能够获得被调查者支付意愿的更多信息,从而缩小估计的置信区间,提高最大支付意愿的估计精度.     

5种水培植物对富营养化水体的净化能力

为了研究水培植物对富营养化水体的净化能力,将莴笋(Lactuca sativa var.angustata)、空心菜(Ipomoeaaquatica)、番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)、生菜(Lactuca sativa var.ramosa)和黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)5种蔬菜放置于富营养化水体中培养,定期测定水体中总氮和总磷含量的变化。实验结果表明,水培莴笋、空心菜、番茄、生菜和黄瓜对富营养化水体中总氮的去除率分别为66.45%、91.28%、93.74%、93.04%和90.11%;对总磷的去除率分别为96.44%、97.48%、85.62%、88.08%和90.97%。比较5种水培蔬菜单位鲜重的总氮和总磷去除能力,结果表明,生菜的总氮和总磷去除能力最强,分别为0.69 mg/(L.g FW)和0.06 mg/(L.g FW),可作为净化富营养化水体优先选择的植物物种。