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121.
Dearing JA Bullock S Costanza R Dawson TP Edwards ME Poppy GM Smith GM 《Environmental management》2012,49(4):767-775
The ‘Perfect Storm’ metaphor describes a combination of events that causes a surprising or dramatic impact. It lends an evolutionary
perspective to how social-ecological interactions change. Thus, we argue that an improved understanding of how social-ecological
systems have evolved up to the present is necessary for the modelling, understanding and anticipation of current and future
social-ecological systems. Here we consider the implications of an evolutionary perspective for designing research approaches.
One desirable approach is the creation of multi-decadal records produced by integrating palaeoenvironmental, instrument and
documentary sources at multiple spatial scales. We also consider the potential for improved analytical and modelling approaches
by developing system dynamical, cellular and agent-based models, observing complex behaviour in social-ecological systems
against which to test systems dynamical theory, and drawing better lessons from history. Alongside these is the need to find
more appropriate ways to communicate complex systems, risk and uncertainty to the public and to policy-makers. 相似文献
122.
Randal L. Shogren Kenneth M. Doll J. L. Willett Graham Swift 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2009,17(2):103-108
l-Aspartic acid was thermally polymerized in the presence of d-sorbitol with the goal of synthesizing new, higher molecular weight water soluble and absorbent copolymers. No reaction occurred
when aspartic acid alone was heated at 170 or 200 °C. In contrast, heating sorbitol and aspartic acid neat or with ammonium
hydroxide gave a mixture of water soluble and insoluble copolymers of polysuccinimide and sorbitol. In the presence of phosphoric
acid, sorbitol aspartate ester copolymers having both water soluble and highly swollen gel components were formed. These results
indicate that polysaccharides such as sorbitol can readily react to form copolymer ester/amides with aspartic acid and such
copolymers may have utility as biodegradable water soluble and swellable polyampholytes. 相似文献
123.
Assessing depleted uranium (DU) contamination of soil, plants and earthworms at UK weapons testing sites 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Oliver IW Graham MC MacKenzie AB Ellam RM Farmer JG 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2007,9(7):740-748
Depleted uranium (DU) weapons testing programmes have been conducted at two locations within the UK. An investigation was therefore carried out to assess the extent of any environmental contamination arising from these test programmes using both alpha spectrometry and mass spectrometry techniques. Uranium isotopic signatures indicative of DU contamination were observed in soil, plant and earthworm samples collected in the immediate vicinity of test firing points and targets, but contamination was found to be localised to these areas. This paper demonstrates the superiority of the (235)U : (238)U ratio over the (234)U : (238)U ratio for identifying and quantifying DU contamination in environmental samples, and also describes the respective circumstances under which alpha spectrometry or mass spectrometry may be the more appropriate analytical tool. 相似文献
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Graham A. Matthews 《The Environmentalist》2008,28(1):19-24
Pesticides are applied in diverse situations, but in each, careful consideration has to be given to applying the optimum dosage
accurately with minimal exposure of the active substance to the operator. Emphasis is given to ways in which application equipment,
suitable for both small-scale and large farms has been adapted to meet health and safety requirements. New developments in
nozzle design provide users with greater flexibility in optimising pesticide delivery, while minimising spray volumes. Changes
in equipment design that influence dose transfer are discussed. 相似文献
126.
Dispersion modeling to compare alternative technologies for odor remediation at swine facilities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Schiffman SS Graham BG Williams CM 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2008,58(9):1166-1176
The effectiveness of 18 alternative technologies for reducing odor dispersion at and beyond the boundary of swine facilities was assessed in conjunction with an initiative sponsored through agreements between the Attorney General of North Carolina and Smithfield Foods, Premium Standard Farms, and Frontline Farmers. The trajectory and spatial distribution of odor emitted at each facility were modeled at 200 and 400 m downwind from each site under two meteorological conditions (daytime and nighttime) using a Eulerian-Lagrangian model. To predict the dispersion of odor downwind, the geographical area containing the odorant sources at each facility was partitioned into 10-m2 grids on the basis of satellite photographs and architectural drawings. Relative odorant concentrations were assigned to each grid point on the basis of intensity measurements made by the trained odor panel at each facility using a 9-point rating scale. The results of the modeling indicated that odor did not extend significantly beyond 400 m downwind of any of the test sites during the daytime when the layer of air above the earth's surface is usually turbulent. However, modeling indicated that odor from all full-scale farms extended beyond 400 m onto neighboring property in the evenings when deep surface cooling through long-wave radiation to space produces a stable (nocturnal) boundary layer. The results also indicated that swine housing, independent of waste management type, plays a significant role in odor downwind, as do odor sources of moderate to moderately high intensity that emanate from a large surface area such as a lagoon. Human odor assessments were utilized for modeling rather than instrument measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, or particulates less than 10 microm in diameter (PM10) because these physical measurements obtained simultaneously with human panel ratings were not found to accurately predict human odor intensity in the field. 相似文献
127.
Melissa L. Street John C. K. Barber Tracy A. Boyle Katrina H. Ellis Hilary Bullman Tessa Homfray 《黑龙江环境通报》2007,27(9):858-860
We report a case of maternal mosaic trisomy 21 ascertained at prenatal diagnosis as a result of maternal cell contamination of an amniotic fluid sample. A 34 year old female was referred for karyotyping because of a previous trisomy 21 pregnancy. Chromosome analysis of primary in situ cultures showed a karyotype of 47,XX, + 21[6]/46,XY[32]/46,XX[2]. Molecular testing demonstrated maternal cell contamination of the amniotic fluid sample and G-banded karyotyping of maternal blood showed that 3/200 cells had trisomy 21, consistent with the mother being a Down syndrome mosaic. A normal male baby with a 46,XY chromosome complement was delivered at 30 weeks. This case emphasises the need for close collaboration between cytogenetic and molecular genetics laboratories in resolving unusual cases of mosaicism. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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sustainability, but the most meaningful definition is set within an evolutionary framework. Mechanistic and evolutionary frameworks for sustainable
development are discussed. Evolution and adaptation are characteristics of complex adaptive systems, and a new understanding
of sustainable development can be gleaned by using the complex adaptive systems framework. This approach to sustainable development
issues implicitly requires proactive involvement by the public. This paper supports that bottom-up participation needs to
be nurtured. Appropriate processes to enable participation need to be designed and implemented. 相似文献