贵州水城青山铅锌矿床地球化学研究

通过对青山铅锌矿床矿石矿物、蚀变围岩、含矿层、辉绿岩的稀土元素、硫、碳、氧同位素及黔西北岩石地层中铅锌含量的研究，笔者认为，成矿金属并非源于岩浆岩，而源于深部的沉积岩，碳、硫分别源于碳酸盐岩和含矿地层的硫酸盐硫；大气降水经深循环再上升形成成矿介质水。     

Ultrasonic preparation of nano-nickel/activated carbon composite using spent electroless nickel plating bath and application in degradation of 2,6-dichlorophenol

Ni was effectively recovered from spent electroless nickel （EN） plating baths by forming a nano-nickel coated activated carbon composite. With the aid of ultrasonication, melamine- formaldehyde-tetraoxalyl-ethylenediamine chelating resins were grafted on activated carbon （MFT/AG）. PdC12 sol was adsorbed on MFT/AC, which was then immersed in spent electroless nickel plating bath; then nano-nickel could be reduced by ascorbic acid to form a nano-nickel coating on the activated carbon composite （Ni/AC） in situ. The materials present were carefully examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electro- chemistry techniques. The resins were well distributed on the inside and outside surfaces of activated carbon with a size of 120 ± 30 nm in MFT/AC, and a great deal of nano-nickel particles were evenly deposited with a size of 3.8 ± 1.1 nm in Ni/MFT. Moreover, Ni/AC was successfully used as a catalyst for ultrasonic degradation of 2.6-dichloronhenol.     

A red water occurrence in drinking water distribution systems caused by changes in water source in Beijing,China: mechanism analysis and control measures

A red water phenomenon occurred in several communities few days after the change of water source in Beijing, China in 2008. In this study, the origin of this problem, the mechanism of iron release and various control measures were investigated. The results indicated that a significant increase in sulphate concentration as a result of the new water source was the cause of the red water phenomenon. The mechanism of iron release was found that the high-concentration sulphate in the new water source disrupted the stable shell of scale on the inner pipe and led to the release of iron compounds. Experiments showed that the iron release rate in the new source water within pipe section was over 11-fold higher than that occurring within the local source water. The recovery of tap water quality lasted several months despite ameliora- tive measures being implemented, including adding phosphate, reducing the overall proportion of the new water source, elevating the pH and alkalinity, and utilizing free chlorine as a disinfectant instead of chloramine. Adding phosphate was more effective and more practical than the other measures. The iron release rate was decreased after the addition of 1.5 mg. L-1 orthophosphate- P, tripolyphosphate-P and hexametaphosphate-P by 68%, 83% and 87%, respectively. Elevating the pH and alkalinity also reduced the iron release rate by 50%. However, the iron release rate did not decreased after replacing chloramine by 0.5-0.8 mg. L-1 of free chlorine as disinfectant.     

基于ETM+图像的植被覆盖度遥感估算模型

植被覆盖度(VFC)的定量遥感是多种地表过程研究的迫切需要.文章选用南京市一幅Landsat 7 ETM 图像,经大气校正后提取了归一化植被指数(NDVI),与地面实测的植被覆盖度进行回归分析,建立了1～4次多项式关系模型.结果表明,NDVI与VFC呈极显著的正相关关系(r = 0.874, P < 0.001).在NDVI-VFC的1～4次多项式关系模型中,模型幂次越高,拟合程度越好.综合考虑模型的精度和稳定性,3次多项式模型作为最优模型推荐使用:VFC = -1.3438 NDVI 3 0.9774 NDVI 2 0.9988 NDVI 0.1507 (R2 = 0.7961, RMSE = 0.1094),该模型精度在植被中等密集区域(VFC＝0.4～0.8)最高,植被稀疏区域(VFC < 0.4)最低,植被密集区域(VFC > 0.8)居中.模型可直接用于全图像的VFC计算,并可通过植被指数的校准,进行推广使用.     

抗生素与LED209对大肠杆菌的联合毒性机制

抗生素是一把双刃剑,在提高医疗水平的同时会促进抗性基因的发展。群体感应抑制剂(quorum sensing inhibitors,QSIs)可有效地避免这一缺陷,有望成为抗生素的替代品而与抗生素有环境共存的可能,但目前尚缺乏它们的联合毒性机制及其相关的环境风险评价研究。本文以大肠杆菌为受试生物,测定了群体感应抑制剂N-苯基-4-(3-苯基硫代脲基)苯磺酰胺(LED209)与5种抗生素的单一和二元联合毒性。结果表明,LED209与5种抗生素的联合毒性作用均表现为拮抗,推测是LED209通过影响鞭毛合成,减弱了抗生素对大肠杆菌的生物有效性;同时通过拆分分子式,发现了拮抗作用可能源于LED209分子式中的含苯基和硫代脲基的L1分子,因此建议未来在LED209药物优化时,应尽可能的保留L1部分的基团,从而保证混合体系的最小环境风险。本研究不仅为联合用药提供依据,而且从环境风险评价角度为抗生素替代品LED209的结构优化提供理论指导。     

膜生物反应器生物降解与膜分离共作用特性研究

膜生物反应器实质是生物降解与膜分离相互影响,共同作用的过程,污泥浓度与通量之间存在一定的相关关系,膜分离对生和性能尤其是细菌活性有着重要的影响,而生物反应器内细菌胞外聚合物,溶解性有机物及微细胶体可能成为形成凝胶层导致通量下降的主要因素。     

不同浓度养殖废水对青萍生长能力的影响

为了探讨废水浓度对青萍(Lemna minor)净化能力、生物质和能量积累能力的影响,以猪场养殖废水为供试废水,分析了在不同废水浓度下青萍对废水中总氮(TN)、氨氮和总磷(TP)的净化能力,青萍的生长情况,以及青萍中碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)元素含量和热值的变化情况。研究表明,青萍在1%浓度的废水中表现出最高的污染物净化能力。虽然青萍的C、N、P含量和热值均随废水浓度的增加而增加,但是由于相对增长率以1%的废水中生长的青萍最高,青萍的最高生产力、C和能量的固定能力均出现在1%废水浓度培养的青萍中,其次是5%废水浓度培养的青萍。多项式回归分析表明,可以使青萍获得最大C和能量固定能力的废水浓度为3.4%,对应的氨氮浓度为26 mg/L,TP浓度为3.4 mg/L。研究结果为进一步优化高生物质生产、高污染物去除率的养殖废水-浮萍培养体系提供了一定的基础。     

几个涉外火电厂环境影响评价的探讨

近年来我们陆续承接了一些发展中国家电力工程中环境影响评价的招标，议标工作和世界银行（以下简称世行）在国内贷款项目的环境影响评价。本文就工作中所涉及的环境影响评价的深度和广度，执行标准，以及今后工作中有待加强的方面作了一些探讨。     

湘北环湖低丘红壤区土壤资源利用：以盘塘实验区为例

以盘塘红壤实验区为例，在阐明湘北环湖低丘红壤区土壤形成、类型及特性的基础上，提出了综合开发利用该区土壤资源的措施和途径。     

丽江水世界

丽江古城，始建于宋末元初，距今已有800多年的历史，总面积约3．8平方公里，1986年被列为国家级历史文化名城，1997年被列入世界文化遗产名录。古城依天人合一之道，崇尚自然设计，维护、接纳和传播多样文化，可称为人与自然和谐相处、社会经济环境可持续发展的典范。