Terrestrial Biodiversity Analyses in Dalmatia (Croatia): A Complementary Approach Using Diversity and Rarity

Here we present the methodology used for terrestrial biodiversity analysis and site selection in Phase B of the UNDP/GEF COAST project. The analysis was focused on the problem of biodiversity evaluation in four Croatian counties stretching from sea level to the highest mountain in Croatia. Data on habitats, vascular flora, and fauna (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, butterflies, ground beetles, and underground invertebrates) were collected and analyzed for each of the four counties. Emphasis was given to the richness of endangered species and the rarity of endemic species. Based on the spatial analyses of habitat, fauna, and flora data, four to six areas were selected from each county and ranked according to their biodiversity importance. Overlap between areas important for richness and those important for rarity was highest for data on flora (65.5%) and lowest for data on fauna (16.7%). When different data sets were compared, the lowest overlap was between flora and fauna (17.1%) and largest between fauna and habitats (23.9%). Simultaneous overlap among all three data sets was found in just 6.5% of the overall selected areas. These results suggest that less specific data, with respect to taxa threat status, could better serve as surrogate data in estimating overall biodiversity. In summary, this analysis has demonstrated that Dalmatia is a region with a high overall biodiversity that is important in a broader European context.     

光催化降解水体异味物质2-MIB的机理

以水体异味物质2-甲基异莰醇(2-methylisoborneol,2-MIB)为研究对象,在紫外光(λ<380 nm)照射下,探讨TiO2(P25)对2-MIB的光催化降解特性及光化学作用机理。结果表明,UV/TiO2光催化体系可以有效去除水体异味物质2-MIB,紫外光照射60 min,对2-MIB的降解率达95%。同时研究了光催化降解体系介质pH,共存腐殖酸(HA)和过硫酸钾(K2S2O8)对UV/TiO2光催化体系降解2-MIB的影响,发现低浓度HA([HA]≤0.5 mg/L)可以提高2-MIB降解速率,当HA浓度高于0.5 mg/L,2-MIB降解反应受到抑制;同时当加入电子受体K2S2O8后,降解体系中活性物种羟基自由基(.OH)明显增加,提高了TiO2对2-MIB的降解能力。利用苯甲酸荧光光度法和POD-DPD显色法跟踪测定降解过程中羟基自由基(·OH)和过氧化氢(H2O2)的变化,表明光催化反应涉及·OH机理。     

污染场地不同深度土壤有机-矿质复合体中有机氯农药的分布

采用物理方法将某农药厂土壤分成4种粒径的有机-矿质复合体组分,粘粒、粉粒、细砂和粗砂,研究有机氯农药在土壤不同有机-矿质复合体组分中的分布特征及有机质含量对污染物质赋存分布的影响。结果表明,粉粒组分中污染物质六六六含量较高,粘粒组分中滴滴涕含量较高。粘粒和粉粒组分中污染物质的含量与相应的有机质含量间呈现显著相关关系,而在细砂和粗砂中这种相关性不显著。lgKoc值与污染物质含量的相关性分析结果与有机质的相关性分析结果相似。有机质可能是影响场地土壤有机氯农药分布的重要因素之一。本研究的结果可为污染场地的风险控制和环境修复提供基础依据。     

高95井硫化氢处理及防治措施研究

文章分析总结了硫化氢对钻井的影响及在钻井中应注意的事项,并结合胜利油田高95井现场取芯钻井过程中硫化氢六次高显示的处理工艺,提出了主要防治措施,对该区块的高含硫化氢井有参考借鉴价值。     

Analysis of surface and aerosol polarized reflectance for aerosol retrievals from polarized remote sensing in PRD urban region

A precise estimate of polarization induced by surface is crucial for polarized remote sensing dedicated to monitoring aerosol properties over urban area. The accurate knowledge of interaction between surface and aerosol polarized reflectance is essential for accurately achieving aerosol properties. In order to study surface and aerosol polarized reflectance for aerosol retrievals over urban area, a new airborne directional polarimetric camera (DPC) with high spatial resolution (4 m at 4000 m a.g.l) was developed. The surface polarized reflectance over distinct surface covers of urban area (forest, shrub, and soil) were studied using DPC measurements during a field campaign in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. The large variations were found in surface polarized reflectance of distinct urban covers due to surface type variability. For all surface types, the empirical BPDF model cannot describe accurately surface polarized reflectance at all possible illumination and observation geometries. From the quantitatively study of relationship between surface and aerosol polarized contribution to DPC measurements, we show that the polarized contributions of aerosol, which optical properties were defined by ground-based measurements, are much larger than the polarized contribution of surface, and found that the polarized contribution of surface covers increases with decreasing NDVI. The effect of polarization accuracy of measurements on aerosol retrieval was also investigated using DPC measurements, and found that 0.1% polarization accuracy of measurements can be neglected when AOD is retrieved using polarized measurements. Based on the information of effects of polarized reflectance differences between distinct surface covers and polarization accuracy of polarized measurements on retrieved aerosols over urban area, we found that the accuracy of aerosol retrieval over forest covers is higher than other surface types using polarized remote sensing.     

Cu20薄膜的制备及其光催化活性

在不同水浴温度下通过电化学法在阴极导电玻璃上电沉积制备Cu2 O薄膜.XRD 和SEM 分析表明,水浴温度对制备Cu2 O薄膜的形貌、晶体粒径和晶向有重要影响.光吸收谱显示Cu2 O薄膜在可见光范围内具有较好的光吸收性能.光催化降解实验表明:在可见光下,Cu2 O薄膜对罗丹明B的降解具有较强的光催化活性;当水浴温度为5...     

1971-2010年河南省夏季高温日数的变化趋势分析

基于河南省109个气象站1971-2010年夏季(6-8月)逐日最高气温和平均气温资料,采用气候统计学分析方法,分析了近40年河南省夏季≥35℃、≥38℃和≥40℃高温日数的时空特征及可能的变化趋势.结果表明:1971-2010年河南省夏季3个等级高温日数在空间上呈现出豫西北高海拔和豫东南低海拔地区较多,其它地区较少的分布特征,高值中心位于豫西地区的偃师附近,在时间上无显著的线性变化趋势,但是在年代间呈现出“多-少-多”的变化特征,最近10年夏季高温日数最多;从各台站趋势变化的空间分布看,豫西北海拔较高地区台站呈增加趋势的较多,豫东和豫西南台站呈减少趋势的较多.夏季平均气温和≥35 ℃(r =0.58,n=4360)、≥38℃(r=0.39,n=4360)以及≥40℃(r=0.27,n=4360)高温日数均呈显著正相关.在全球气候变暖背景下,未来河南省高温日数将可能进一步增加,特别是≥35℃的高温日数.     

膨化预处理玉米秸秆的还原糖酶解工艺

应用膨化技术对玉米秸秆进行预处理.在单因素实验基础上,以还原糖转化率为影响值设计正交实验,研究温度、pH、液固比、酶浓度及酶解时间五因素对纤维素酶解过程的影响.得出玉米秸秆糖化酶解最佳工艺条件为:温度48℃,pH 4.5,液固比8:1,酶浓度36.0 U/g,酶解时间25 h;在此工艺条件下还原糖转化率达到28.98％.扫描电镜表征对比观察可看出,膨化后玉米秸秆纤维素酶解充分;结合红外光谱对各组分特征基团分析表明,膨化后的玉米秸秆酶解的纤维素基团特征峰变化更为明显.     

基于成本-效能分析的氧化沟工艺运行条件优化

在利用ASM2d模型对城市污水处理厂氧化沟工艺进行动态模拟的基础上,将曝气能耗、污泥产量与出水水质超标率整合为一个综合效能指数,对该工艺进行了成本-效能分析。最优运行策略为:3～10月温度高于15℃时运行8台曝气转刷,其余时间段运行10台转刷,同时剩余污泥排放量控制在250 m3/d。这一策略能够使出水NH4-N和TN的超标率分别低于5%和2%,保证出水TP的持续达标,与常规运行策略相比,在明显降低氮磷超标率的同时,节省曝气能耗约12%。     

负载型氧化铁对高毒气体PH3的催化分解

采用沉积-沉淀法制备了碳纳米管(CNTs)和二氧化硅(SiO2)负载的纳米Fe2O3催化剂,将其应用于高毒气体PH3分解反应.通过XRD,TEM,XPS,BET等一系列检测手段,对制备样品的相结构、形貌、组分和比表面积进行了表征.研究结果表明,在PH3催化分解反应过程,极少量的产物P迁移至Fe2O3中,形成金属磷化物FeP作为反应的活性相.与Fe2 O3/SiO2相比,Fe2O3/CNTs显示了较高的催化性能.在440℃反应温度下,Fe2O3/CNTs对PH3分解率达到99.8％.CNTs作为催化剂载体的优秀性能可归因于CNTs良好的导电性能和活性组分在其上的高度分散.