磷输入对湖滨底泥砷形态转化及生态风险的影响

为探究底泥As（砷）形态转化与磷（P）的内在关联,揭示湖滨底泥中As形态和磷形态转化带来的生态风险,选取云南阳宗海湖滨湿地底泥为研究对象,通过设置上覆水不同水平磷（K₂HPO₄,以P计）输入〔ρ（P）分别为0、1、5、10、20、60 mg/L〕的短期（1~72 h）和长期（7~30 d）扰动室内模拟试验,基于底泥对磷的等温吸附模型拟合结果,探究底泥中As释放及As与磷形态转化的规律.结果表明:①短期试验中,磷输入量为0~5 mg/L时,底泥As释放量为0.004~0.009 mg/L;磷输入量≥10 mg/L时,底泥As释放量为0.052~0.120 mg/L.②长期试验中,第7、15、30天底泥中w（TAs）平均值分别为（13.31±1.87）（10.39±0.74）（17.88±0.65）mg/kg,呈先降后升的趋势.③随着磷输入量的升高,底泥中As和磷的形态均表现为由非活性态向活性态（弱酸提取态As和磷酸二钙）转化,As和磷的生物可利用性增加.研究显示,磷输入能促进底泥中As和磷由非活性态向活性态转化,增加其生物可利用性,生态风险相应增加.      

Prospect of China's ambient air quality standards

Ambient air quality standards are the core strategic goal of ambient air quality management. Countries worldwide have given importance to research on the development of ambient air quality standards. To understand the history of the development of China's ambient air quality standards, this study analyzed the background associated with all previous formulations and revisions of the standards, classification of functional areas, standard grading, pollutants, and evolution of the standard limits over the past 40 years. The results show that since the initial release of the “Ambient Air Quality Standard” by China in 1982, it has been supplemented once, revised twice, and modified twice. The first ambient air quality standard specified the standard limits of six pollutants commonly found in ambient air. With the development of ambient air quality management, the number of pollutants has increased to ten. Since the release of the “Ambient Air Quality Standards” in 2012, the ambient air quality in China has significantly improved. However, the proportion of cities meeting these standards is still low. At present, China is suitably positioned to make the standards associated with 24 hr SO₂ concentrations more stringent such that it meets the values defined in the World Health Organization (WHO) interim target-2 and the WHO air quality guideline (AQG). We further suggested that the SO₂ standard should be revised promptly. Simultaneously, regions with a relatively high proportion of cities meeting the standard are encouraged to introduce more stringent interim target limits in due course to manage the local ambient air quality.     

Optimization analysis of silver extraction from waste monolithic ceramic capacitor using persulfate-ammonia system

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Monolithic ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) contain a high level of silver. This paper describes a method to recover silver from the waste MLCCs. First,...     

Diversity and structural characteristics of nitrogen-fixing bacterial community in tobacco-growing soils at different elevations in Panzhihua北大核心CSCD

固氮细菌在土壤氮素转换过程中发挥重要作用.为深入认识攀枝花地区农田土壤固氮细菌群落特征及其与土壤理化性质的关联性,以攀枝花米易县不同海拔高度(1 600 m、1 800 m、2 000 m)植烟土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术(high-throughput sequencing)对nifH基因进行测序,分析固氮细菌群落结构特征和多样性.结果显示,固氮酶活性随海拔升高而逐渐降低,并与土壤有机碳及全氮呈极显著正相关(P <0.01);固氮细菌群落多样性指数在海拔1 800 m处达到最大值.3个海拔土壤共获得高质量序列1 159 980条,所检测到的固氮细菌分属于4个门、11个纲、19个目、29个科、40个属.基于门分类水平分析结果,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)在所有海拔土壤中均为优势固氮菌群,相对丰度达64.69%-78.36%;而蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)仅在海拔高度2 000 m时为优势类群.在属水平上,伯克霍尔德菌属(Burkholderia)、克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)相对丰度分别为海拔高度1 800 m与2 000 m土壤优势菌属,而类伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Paraburkholderia)是所有海拔土壤中的主要菌属.采用随机森林分析评估和筛选标志物种,确认Azohydromonas对固氮细菌群落结构差异存在重要影响.结合Pearson相关性分析与冗余分析结果,土壤含水量、硝态氮、碱解氮与有效磷是造成不同海拔土壤固氮细菌群落特征差异的主要环境因子.本研究表明海拔梯度及响应其变化的土壤理化因子,对调控固氮细菌群落结构与多样性有较大影响.(图8表3参41)     

太原市五年降尘及降水中主要离子特征

随着我国工业化和城镇化的深入推进,人们对城市大气环境质量关注日益增加。连续五年对山西省太原市5个点位进行监测,考察降水中主要离子时间变异及大气干湿沉降规律。结果表明:太原市五个监测点年均干沉降量排序为太钢工业区坞城(东)桃园(市中)晋祠(景区)上兰(市郊),其中太钢年均沉降量是上兰的三倍。降尘量除了在不同点位差异较大外,相同点上不同季节也有较大波动,表现为各监测点春季和冬季降尘量为全年最高。而夏季由于降雨较多,干沉降最少。总体上,近五年各点干沉降量呈现逐年下降的趋势。湿沉降方面以桃园为市区代表分析,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Ca~(2+)和NH_4~+是太原市桃园降水中主要的无机离子,其加权平均浓度范围为3.1～19 mg/L,各离子浓度在干燥的冬春季较高,且近五年其浓度及沉降量快速增加。桃园降雨中SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-仍然是最主要的致酸离子,SO_4~(2-)年均沉降量分别是NO_3~-、Ca~(2+)和NH_4~+的1.7、3.9、5.9倍。Ca~(2+)、NH_4~+和Mg~(2+)的中和因子分别是0.42、0.30、0.14,说明Ca~(2+)、NH_4~+对酸雨缓冲作用大于Mg~(2+)。2013～2017年太原市桃园降雨SO_4~(2-)/NO_3~-和NH_4~+/NO_3~-比值分别为1.7和0.3,表明酸雨类型由硫酸型向混合型发展,主要是近年来NO_3~-浓度增幅大于SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+。总的来看,近些年太原市政府大力提倡节能减排带来明显效果,但工业厂矿区周边降尘污染依然严重,属于今后城市环境治理的重点。     

Restoration processes of pollution zones in Hanjiang River

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Conversion Margins for the Major Uses of Agricultural Land and Their Variations in Shandong Province, China

It is of practical significance for the decision-making on country food security and farmland protection to analyze the conversion margins for the major uses of agricultural land and their variations. Based on the panel data of wheat, corn, vegetable, fruit, and forests productions from 520 investigated farmer households of 13 investigated villages in Shandong Province from 2003 to 2009, and using Cobb-Douglas production function, the revenue conversion margins can be obtained separately, between different grain-crops (wheat, corn) and different non-grain crops (vegetable, fruit, forests), and the conversion relationship between growing grain( wheat, corn) and going out for non-farm work. The results show that from 2003 to 2009, growing wheat and corn are more economically and reasonably for farmers, compared with growing vegetable, but growing wheat and corn are becoming less economically and less reasonably day by day, compared with planting forests. Moreover, the conversion margin between wheat and fruit shows obvious scissors difference. Just from 2007, farmers’ growing fruit became economically and reasonably, but until 2009, compared with going out to work after abandoning farm8land, growing wheat had no economic rationality. From 2003 to 2009, farmers’ growing corn is more profitable than growing fruit and going out for non-farm work after abandoning farmland. The subsidies for wheat and corn have increased farmers’ comparative income from food production remarkably, but the subsidies cannot change the general tendency that farmers transform food (wheat, corn) production into non-food (especially forests) production. The revenue difference between growing wheat, corn and vegetable and growing fruit and forests is being pulled ceaselessly bigger, and the tendency that farmers transform wheat, corn and vegetable growing lands into fruit and forests growing lands has become increasingly apparent.     

超临界二氧化碳在环境保护中的应用

超临界CO2具有气体的低粘度、高扩散系数和液体的高密度特性，且具有化学惰性，无毒、无腐蚀性，临界状态容易实现，是一种性能优良的环境友好溶剂。文章概述了超临界CO2在去除环境污染物、取代传统工艺助剂或溶剂以减少有机物和废水排放以及分析测试等方面的应用。     

市场经济条件下矿区复垦土地经营管理模式探讨

调查和研究了目前我国矿区复垦土地的经营管理方式。分析了农村传统的个体经营管理方式对复垦效益的不利影响,提出了适合我国国情的复垦经营管理多元化模式,论述了其适用条件、运行机制、保障措施等。文章认为集约化经营、适度规模经营是复垦土地经营管理的发展方向。     

循环流化床锅炉环保技术

介绍了CFB锅炉脱硫、除尘、降低NOx排放的技术特点与效率。