A critical review on the application of biochar in environmental pollution remediation: Role of persistent free radicals (PFRs)

Biochar as an emerging carbonaceous material has exhibited a great potential in environmental application for its perfect adsorption ability. However, there are abundant persistent free radicals (PFRs) in biochar, so the direct and indirect PFRs-mediated removal of organic and inorganic contaminants by biochar was widely reported. In order to comprehend deeply the formation of PFRs in biochar and their interactions with contaminants, this paper reviews the formation mechanisms of PFRs in biochar and the PFRs-mediated environmental applications of biochar in recent years. Finally, future challenges in this field are also proposed. This review provides a more comprehensive understanding on the emerging applications of biochar from the viewpoint of the catalytic role of PFRs.     

Selection of water source for water transfer based on algal growth potential to prevent algal blooms

Water transfer is becoming a popular method for solving the problems of water quality deterioration and water level drawdown in lakes. However, the principle of choosing water sources for water transfer projects has mainly been based on the effects on water quality, which neglects the influence in the variation of phytoplankton community and the risk of algal blooms. In this study, algal growth potential (AGP) test was applied to predict changes in the phytoplankton community caused by water transfer projects. The feasibility of proposed water transfer sources (Baqing River and Jinsha River) was assessed through the changes in both water quality and phytoplankton community in Chenghai Lake, Southwest China. The results showed that the concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in Chenghai Lake could be decreased to 0.52 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L respectively with the simulated water transfer source of Jinsha River. The algal cell density could be reduced by 60%, and the phytoplankton community would become relatively stable with the Jinsha River water transfer project, and the dominant species of Anabaena cylindrica evolved into Anabaenopsis arnoldii due to the species competition. However, the risk of algal blooms would be increased after the Baqing River water transfer project even with the improved water quality. Algae gained faster proliferation with the same dominant species in water transfer source. Therefore, water transfer projects should be assessed from not only the variation of water quality but also the risk of algal blooms.     

三峡库区汉丰湖水体氮磷及化学计量比季节变化特征

在分析2017年3月至2018年2月汉丰湖水体氮磷营养盐质量浓度季节性变化的基础上,利用氮磷化学计量摩尔比评估水体氮磷养分限制状态.结果表明：湖体TN、DN和NO₃^--N平均质量浓度分别为1.60、1.25和0.91 mg·L^-1,三者季节变化过程相似,均呈现出冬季最高、夏季最低的特点.NO₃^--N对水体TN贡献较大,NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N质量浓度维持在较低水平且变化平稳.TP、DP和PO₄^3--P平均质量浓度分别为0.13、0.09和0.06 mg·L^-1,TP和DP质量浓度变化相似,呈春夏季升高,秋冬季先降低再升高的趋势,而PO₄^3--P质量浓度则波动降低.TN/TP范围在11.07~56.02之间,均值为29.23,TN/TP呈季节性波动变化,最高值出现在冬季,最低值出现在夏季.汉丰湖水体多数时间适宜藻类生长繁殖,少数时间处于N限制状态,极少数时间处于P限制状态.降雨径流、肥料使用、污水排放和水生生物活动等因素皆会影响TN/TP的季节变化,同时根据汉丰湖水质特征提出保护建议.     

磁性活性炭强化SBR脱氮除磷及微生物种群分析

为了提高传统活性污泥法脱氮除磷效率,改善污泥易膨胀等问题,在序批式活性污泥反应器（SBR）中,投加140目1.00g/L的磁性活性炭构建磁性炭基活性污泥系统（1^#）,同时,以不投加任何材料（单独活性污泥系统）为对照组（0^#）,研究磁性活性炭对活性污泥系统除污性能和主要微生物种群结构组成的影响,探讨了磁性活性炭强化活性污泥系统脱氮除磷机理.结果表明：1^#对TN和TP的平均去除率分别为68.59%和78.25%;而0^#对于TN和TP的平均去除率则为53.17%与54.10%,1^#出水NO₃^--N浓度平均降低了7.03mg/L,两系统对NH₄⁺-N和COD的去除效率差别不大,均在95.00%以上.典型周期内1^#中TN、NH₄⁺-N、TP、COD的下降速率快于0^#;0^#同步硝化反硝化效率为60.31%,反硝化速率为4.44mg/（L·h）,1^#同步硝化反硝化效率为80.74%,反硝化速率为6.13mg/（L·h）,实验组1^#脱氮速率明显快于空白对照组0^#.高通量测序结果表明,1^#内污泥的优势菌门为Saccharibacteria（38.74%）、Proteobacteria（22.52%）、Actinobacteria（18.54%）和Chloroflexi（8.40%）.此外,与0^#相比,1^#引发污泥膨胀密切相关的Actinobacteria菌门的微生物相对丰度显著下降;与脱氮除磷功能相关的Micropruina、Shinella、norank_f_Anaerolineaceae和norank_f_Xanthomonadaceae 4种菌属的相对丰度都明显上升.SBR系统中加载一定量的磁性活性炭既能抑制引起污泥膨胀微生物的生长,又能利于脱氮除磷微生物的富集,整个污泥系统表现出良好的稳定性和脱氮除磷性能.     

Effects of natural organic matter on cadmium mobility in paddy soil: A review

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in paddy soil has caused public concern. The uptake of Cd by rice plants depends on soil Cd mobility, which is in turn substantially influenced by organic matter (OM). In this review, we first summarize the fate of Cd in soil and the role of OM. We then focus on the effects of OM on Cd mobility in paddy soil and the factors influencing the remedial effectiveness of OM amendments. We further discuss the performance of straw incorporation in the remediation of Cd-contaminated paddy soils reported in laboratory and field studies. Considering the huge production of organic materials (such as straw) in agriculture, the use of natural OM for soil remediation has obvious appeal due to the environmental benefits and low cost. Although there have been successful application cases, the properties of OM amendments and soil can significantly affect the remedial performance of the OM amendments. Importantly, straw incorporation alone does not often decrease the mobility of Cd in soil or the Cd content in rice grains. Careful evaluation is required when considering natural OM amendments, and the factors and mechanisms that influence their remedial effectiveness need further investigation in paddy soil with realistic Cd concentrations.     

共代谢条件下荧蒽降解菌的差异蛋白质组学分析

以课题组筛选出的多环芳烃高效降解菌--蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)DQ01菌株为研究对象,以荧蒽为目标污染物,以牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基(LB培养基)为共代谢基质,基于同位素相对和绝对定量技术(iTRAQ)比较细菌在无机盐培养基(MSM培养基)和MSM-LB培养环境中降解荧蒽的全蛋白表达水平,旨在揭示蜡样芽孢杆菌在共代谢过程中分子代谢水平上的变化.结果共检测到64个差异表达蛋白质,其中上调表达的蛋白质有28个,下调表达的蛋白质36个.鉴定到差异蛋白的功能集中在代谢、应激反应、信息传递和调控等方面,同时对比KEGG通路富集分析的结果,也显示细菌有关能量代谢和信息传递、调控的通路产生的变化.比较细菌在是否处于共代谢下的差异蛋白表达,推测细菌在降解多环芳烃过程中的关键环节是小分子代谢和适应外界环境的通路.     

聚乙烯和聚乳酸微塑料对大豆生长和生理生化及代谢的影响

为揭示生物可降解性不同的微塑料对农作物的毒性效应,选择聚乳酸(polylactic acid可生物降解)和聚乙烯(polyethylene难生物降解)微塑料(microplastics)为供试材料,以大豆为供试植物,深入探究了不同暴露水平(0.1%,1%,W/W)下两种不同的微塑料对大豆(Glycine max)生长、光合作用、抗氧化性、营养品质以及代谢方面的影响.结果表明,聚乙烯微塑料(PEMPs)对大豆根部鲜重有促进作用,而0.1%聚乳酸微塑料(PLAMPs)则抑制根部长度.大豆的叶绿素含量在0.1% PEMPs作用下能够显著提高.PLAMPs则能够导致大豆过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著下降,而过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量在0.1% PEMPs和1% PLAMPs下显著升高.此外,微塑料的暴露能够改变大豆根部中锰、铁以及铜的含量,其中0.1% PEMPs的效应最为显著.大豆叶片中的氨基酸代谢在PEMPs的作用下上调,而0.1% PLAMPs则引起有机酸以及糖类代谢下调.综上,微塑料的植物毒性效应与其生物可降解性及浓度密切相关,低浓度可生物降解微塑料的效应最强.这些发现有望为微塑料的植物毒理研究提供新的方向.     

不同补贴机制下的农村清洁取暖价格政策分析

补贴是北方农村清洁取暖价格政策的重要方面,确保兼顾清洁能源替代和农村居民取暖福利,从而实现政策的可持续性. 基于天津、衡水、德州3个城市的实地调研数据,通过配对样本t检验、多元回归和费用效益分析方法,探究了不同补贴机制下的清洁取暖价格政策对居民用能行为和取暖福利的影响. 结果表明:①清洁取暖价格政策会导致取暖成本增加,补贴会显著提高用气量和体感温度,但使各城市面临较大财政压力. ②各地农村清洁取暖价格政策在对用能行为、污染减排效果的影响方面存在较大差异. ③一次性补贴通过减少清洁能源消费量同时增加体感温度,提供了扭曲的价格信号. ④家庭收入显著影响清洁取暖价格政策效果. 因此,一次性补贴需要向从量补贴转变,补贴可以考虑向低收入家庭倾斜或者实施阶梯化的补贴. 为建立清洁取暖长效机制,一方面可以考虑针对农村清洁取暖建立区域大气污染补偿机制,从而推动各地建立因地制宜的清洁取暖价格补贴机制;另一方面可通过改进清洁取暖技术来降低成本,同时开发多种形式的清洁能源. 从长远看,仍需要增加农民保持可接受的收入水平的机会,逐步降低农村居民对清洁取暖补贴的依赖性.      

桑沟湾沉积物中重金属的污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

为了研究桑沟湾表层沉积物中重金属的污染特征及潜在生态风险,本文分析了该区域2019年夏季、秋季和冬季21个站位表层沉积物中重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb）的含量和分布特征,并采用Hankanson潜在生态危害指数法对桑沟湾不同季节表层沉积物中重金属的生态风险进行评估。结果表明,三个季节桑沟湾表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn的含量...     

基于海洋生态影响的液化天然气接收站取排水用海研究

天然气作为优质、绿色清洁的能源得到了高度重视,沿海地区陆续建成多座液化天然气（LNG）接收站,接收站取、排水过程的卷载效应和余氯会对周边海洋生态环境产生一定程度的影响。本研究以全国沿海部分地区的8个拟建或在建液化天然气接收站项目为例,对液化天然气接收站的项目规模、取排水量、取排水设施选址、用海规模、冷排水及余氯影响范围等方面进行了分析。研究认为,当前我国液化天然气接收站取、排水用海的管理存在管理制度不健全、技术标准缺失等问题。针对存在的问题,文章从管理、标准、规划等角度提出了进一步加强液化天然气接收站取、排水用海管理的建议。