Biofilter treatment of volatile organic compound emissions from reformulated paint: complex mixtures, intermittent operation, and startup

Two biofilters were operated to treat a waste gas stream intended to simulate off-gases generated during the manufacture of reformulated paint. The model waste gas stream consisted of a five-component solvent mixture containing acetone (450 ppm(v)), methyl ethyl ketone (12 ppm(v)), toluene (29 ppm(v)), ethylbenzene (10 ppm(v)), and p-xylene (10 ppm(v)). The two biofilters, identical in construction and packed with a polyurethane foam support medium, were inoculated with an enrichment culture derived from compost and then subjected to different loading conditions during the startup phase of operation. One biofilter was subjected to intermittent loading conditions with contaminants supplied only 8 hr/day to simulate loading conditions expected at facilities where manufacturing operations are discontinuous. The other biofilter was subjected to continuous contaminant loading during the initial start period, and then was switched to intermittent loading conditions. Experimental results demonstrate that both startup strategies can ultimately achieve high contaminant removal efficiency (>99%) at a target contaminant mass loading rate of 80.3 g m(-3) hr(-1) and an empty bed residence time of 59 sec. The biofilter subjected to intermittent loading conditions at startup, however, took considerably longer to reach high performance. In both biofilters, ketone components (acetone and methyl ethyl ketone) were, more rapidly degraded than aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene). Scanning electron microscopy and plate count data revealed that fungi, as well as bacteria, populated the biofilters.     

Methylopila sp.SD-1与大豆联合修复苯磺隆污染土壤

分离得到1株苯磺隆降解菌株SD-1,根据表型、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析,将其鉴定为Methylopila sp.SD-1,为首次报道能够降解苯磺隆的Methylopila属菌株,其在4d内完全降解50mg/L苯磺隆,最适降解温度、pH值分别为30℃和7.0,降解中间产物对大豆的毒性显著降低.大豆根系分泌物能促进菌株SD-1的生长,培养5d,菌株SD-1的数量由1.0×10⁷CFU/mL增至6.7×10⁷CFU/mL.分泌物中含有16种氨基酸,菌株SD-1对其中的Asp、Glu和Phe表现出明显的趋化性.接种菌悬液至苯磺隆污染土壤（3mg/kg）并种植大豆幼苗,培养4d,菌株SD-1依赖趋化性向大豆根系运动并定殖,存活率提高,根际土壤中苯磺隆的降解率相较于未种植大豆的处理提高36.0%.     

Pollution sources of atmospheric fine particles and secondary aerosol characteristics in Beijing

To investigate the secondary formation and pollution sources of atmospheric particles in urban Beijing, PM_2.5 and its chemical components were collected and determined by URG-9000D ambient ion monitor (AIM) from March 2016 to January 2017. Among water-soluble ions (WSIs), NO₃^?, SO₄^2- and NH₄⁺ (SNA) had the largest proportion (77.8%) with the total concentration of 23.8 μg/m³. Moreover, as fine particle pollution worsened, the NO₃^?, SO₄^2- and NH₄⁺ concentrations increased basically, which revealed that secondary aerosols were the main cause of particle pollution in Beijing. Furthermore, the particle neutralization ratio (1.1), the ammonia to sulfate molar ratio (3.4) and the nitrate to sulfate molar ratio (2.2) showed that secondary aerosols are under ammonium-rich conditions with the main chemical forms of NH₄NO₃ and (NH₄)₂SO₄, and vehicle emission could be the main anthropogenic source of secondary aerosols in Beijing. Source analysis further indicated that secondary aerosols, solid fuel combustion, dust and marine aerosol were the principal pollution sources of PM_2.5, accounting for about 46.1%, 22.4% and 13.0%, respectively, and Inner Mongolia and Hebei Provinces could be considered as the main potential sources of PM_2.5 in urban Beijing. In addition, secondary formation process was closely related with gaseous precursor emission amounts (SO₂, NO₂, NH₃ and HONO), atmospheric ozone concentration (O₃), meteorological conditions (temperature and relative humidity) and particle components. Sensitive analysis of the thermodynamic equilibrium model (ISORROPIA II) revealed that controlling total nitrate (TN) is the effective measure to mitigate fine particle pollution in Beijing.     

大气PM2.5及高脂饮食对哮喘发病影响的研究进展

大气PM_2.5暴露与呼吸系统疾病密切相关,高脂饮食是哮喘的诱因之一.近年来,哮喘发病率在我国呈上升趋势.对大气PM_2.5、高脂饮食及二者协同作用对哮喘发病的影响进行探讨,为哮喘的干预和治疗提供新思路.总结了PM_2.5暴露与高脂饮食对哮喘的影响以及哮喘的发病机制:①颗粒物暴露可引发机体炎症反应,增加哮喘发病风险;②高脂饮食可通过代谢活化机体内免疫相关信号通路,导致炎症发生;③二者均会通过MyD88/TLRs信号通路和Th1/Th2机制对哮喘炎症产生影响.研究显示,PM_2.5与高脂饮食对哮喘的作用机制具有一致性,二者对人群的健康影响可能具有协同作用.      

中国与东盟贸易的环境效应及其关键社会经济因子影响分析

为识别和量化国际贸易的环境效应,推动绿色“一带一路”建设,基于环境经济投入产出模型,利用贸易和污染物排放强度数据,核算了中国与东盟进出口贸易中包含的环境成本,并利用冗余分析探索了影响环境成本的主要社会经济因子.结果表明:①2010年中国与东盟的贸易期间,中国在工业废气、烟尘、二氧化硫、固体废物的排放上存在污染逆差,分别为3 600×108 m3、3.8×104 t、19.7×104 t和9.8×104 t;但在工业废水和粉尘的排放上存在顺差,分别为5 400×104和1.1×104 t.②重度污染产业贸易均呈污染顺差,中度污染产业贸易的污染逆差最大,轻度污染产业贸易呈现较小的污染顺差.③中国与东盟中低收入国家的贸易造成污染顺差,而与中高收入国家的贸易则实现了污染逆差.④冗余分析结果显示,影响我国进口贸易中环境成本的主要因子为城市化率和工业产值占GDP比重,说明我国从东盟发达的工业国进口了含大量环境成本的工业品,而影响我国出口贸易中环境成本的主要因子为出口额,表明我国向欠发达国家出口了大量的初级工业品.因此,我国应加强技术创新,提高污染排放标准,减少重度污染产业的污染排放强度,同时优化出口结构,避免成为“污染避难所”.      

基于田块尺度的农田土壤和小麦籽粒镉砷铅污染特征及健康风险评价

以典型镉(Cd)、砷(As)和铅(Pb)复合污染农田为主要研究对象,在田块尺度上(纵向上受周边冶炼厂和污灌河流影响,横向上受道路交通影响)重点调查分析了农田土壤和小麦籽粒中Cd、As和Pb污染特征,并采用化学致癌物和化学非致癌物模型对小麦籽粒Cd、As和Pb含量进行了人体健康风险评价.结果表明,该农田土壤为中度污染水平,土壤Cd、As和Pb含量均有不同程度超标(GB 15618-2018),点位超标率分别为100%、 100%和36.7%;小麦籽粒中Cd和Pb含量超标率分别为76.7%和13.3%,As含量未超过食品安全国家标准(GB 2762-2017).在纵向上距冶炼厂和污灌河流不同距离土壤Cd、As和Pb含量无显著差异,但小麦籽粒中Cd和As含量差异显著,近组Cd和As含量比远组分别高14.9%和41.8%(P0.05).在横向上土壤和小麦籽粒Pb含量主要受道路交通影响,最近组土壤和籽粒Pb含量分别比最远组高78.9%和471%(P0.05).该典型污染农田中小麦籽粒Cd和As对成人和儿童均存在致癌风险(致癌风险值R_i1×10~(-4)),风险值CdAs,儿童成人,小麦籽粒Pb尚未产生健康风险.     

西藏尼洋河沉积物中微生物群落结构特征分析

尼洋河是雅鲁藏布江的重要支流,是西藏工布和林芝地区的重要水源地.本研究分析了尼洋河水体理化指标、 12种金属含量和沉积物微生物群落结构特征.结果表明, 2017年和2018年沉积物微生物群落在门水平的结构基本相同,属水平结构相似.变形菌门是尼洋河沉积物的第一优势菌门,其他优势菌门有拟杆菌门、酸杆菌门和放线菌门等;属水平上黄杆菌属丰度较高,气单胞菌属等条件致病菌菌属可被检出;聚类分析发现尼洋河沉积物微生物群落在空间上存在一定的差异性,上游、中游和下游不同河段微生物群落之间差异显著,电站库区沉积物微生物群落具有特异性.相关性分析表明,温度、溶解氧、电导率和铬、锌、锶和钡等金属含量与尼洋河沉积物门水平特定微生物丰度存在显著相关关系.冗余分析表明,总氮、总磷、溶解氧、铬、锶、钡和锰等是尼洋河沉积物中微生物群落结构的主要影响因子.本研究结果可为认识尼洋河沉积物中微生物群落的时空变化特征,识别环境影响因子提供了数据支撑.     

硝化生物膜系统对低温的适应特性:MBBR和IFAS

为探明硝化生物膜系统对低温的适应特性,在不同温度(20、 15和10℃)下长期运行移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)和生物膜-活性污泥复合工艺(IFAS)并考察温度降低对其硝化性能、生物膜特性及群落结构的影响,以期为生物膜系统在污水处理行业的应用提供理论依据.结果表明,当温度降低至10℃时,MBBR和IFAS的氨氮去除率分别为(90.88±5.73)%和(99.79±0.31)%,表明IFAS比MBBR具有更好的低温适应性.这是由于低温导致胞外聚合物(EPS)含量的增加,进而促使生物膜厚度及干重不断升高,而相同负荷下的MBBR生物膜更容易堵塞,从而影响传质.活性测定结果表明,尽管IFAS中活性污泥的硝化贡献率始终占主导地位,但随着温度降低,生物膜的氨氧化贡献率从30.72%逐渐上升至39.85%,起到了强化硝化的作用.qPCR结果显示,温度的降低使生物膜中硝化细胞拷贝数上升,其与低温下生物膜厚度的增加一定程度上弥补了硝化活性的衰减,从而体现了生物膜对低温较强的适应性.     

中国西北地区一次典型沙尘过程分析

基于卫星遥感资料、再分析数据、数值模式和中国环境监测数据,分析了2018年4月1～4日中国西北地区一次典型的沙尘爆发、输送过程,并探讨了该次沙尘事件对空气质量的影响。结果表明,该次沙尘事件主要是由冷锋和大风引起的,分为两个阶段:4月1～3日,翻越天山和绕流而至的冷空气与该地暖空气交汇形成冷锋,引起塔克拉玛干沙漠起沙,这些沙尘随西风向东输送,使得哈密、嘉峪关、张掖、武威和兰州等城市PM10、PM2.5质量浓度自西向东依次升高,空气污染加重;4月4日,西北风在地形的作用下风力加大,强风掠过植被稀疏地表产生较强的起沙,西北地区多个城市的PM10、PM2.5质量浓度几乎同时剧增,引发了严重的空气污染。其中,PM10是该次沙尘过程中的主要的大气污染物,是导致空气质量下降的主要原因。     

贵州南明河水环境综合整治与水质模拟

以贵州南明河为例,对城市河道水环境综合治理全流程进行了系统的定量综合分析.污染识别结果表明,外源污染是造成南明河污染的关键原因,其对南明河COD、氨氮和TP等污染物的贡献分别达68%、95%和77%;COD和氨氮是南明河的主要入河污染物(80%和60%的入河外源来水中COD和氨氮水平劣于地表V类水).采取截污纳管、污水处理及河底清淤等针对性的治理措施,可共削减南明河COD、氨氮和TP污染负荷41414.6、874.2和218.0 t·a~(-1);通过生态建设恢复河道自净能力并运行半年后,南明河整治段劣V类河道长度占比从整治前的51.0%下降至17.4%,达到地表水V类的水质段由原来的10.1%提高至24.3%.建立MIKE模型预测综合整治措施3期工程全部完工时南明河水质运营情况发现,南明河下游水质断面能稳定达到IV类水体,但在枯水期仍可能存在部分河段TP和氨氮超标的情况.通过从上游水库(红枫湖,II类水)进行生态补水以保障南明河干流城区段稳定达标IV类水体,在考虑模拟误差且保证率高于90%的情况下,枯水期最高补水量应达到3.47m~3·s~(-1).