煤炭开发建设项目环境影响后评价初步研究

环境影响后评价作为环境影响评价的延伸,是提高环评有效性的有力手段,目前我国环境影响后评价仍处于起步阶段,其理论和实践都具有很强的探索性。煤炭在我国的能源地位突出,但对煤炭开采建设项目的环境影响后评价研究甚少,文章介绍了国内外环境影响后评价的研究进展,并针对煤炭项目,通过识别煤炭开采的环境影响,概述了其评价指标的选取原则、指标体系的构建和评价方法。     

高温下好氧污泥接种启动UASB的试验研究

采用高温UASB处理柠檬酸废水,研究利用好氧脱水污泥接种启动高温UASB的可行性。试验结果表明,在温度55℃,HRT为6天的条件下,UASB反应器能降解的柠檬酸废水浓度为10000mg/L,容积负荷为1.67gCOD/(L.d),柠檬酸废水的去除率达到90%以上。     

基于网络层次分析法的石油化工设施安全风险评估

为评估石油化工设施的安全风险,提出了一种基于网络层次分析法的安全风险评估模型。在构建石油化工设施安全风险网络层次分析模型的基础上,采用Saaty标度法对安全风险参数进行量化,利用SD软件对安全风险参数进行排序。仿真结果表明,网络层次分析法考虑了安全风险参数之间的相互作用和相互影响,能改进基于线性组合关系的递阶层次分析模型的不足,评估结果可为石油化工企业制定安全风险管理措施提供决策依据。     

苯酚对活性污泥活性及微型动物群落结构的影响

为了探究苯酚对污泥活性及微型动物群落结构的影响,以SBR工艺的活性污泥为研究对象,分析苯酚对污泥TTC-ETS活性、INT-ETS活性和微型动物群落结构及其动态变化的影响.结果表明,污泥TTC-ETS活性较之INT-ETS活性能够更有效表征有机毒害物质苯酚对污泥活性的影响,且随着进水苯酚浓度的增大,苯酚对污泥活性的抑制越明显:进水浓度在50mg·L-1时,苯酚对污泥活性的抑制率为(20.75±10.43)%.进水苯酚浓度为100 mg·L-1时,抑制率为(39.73±26.92)%,且波动较大.在300 mg·L-1进水运行后期,苯酚对污泥活性的抑制率稳定在40%左右;苯酚对活性污泥微型动物群落结构的影响随浓度的增大而增大,且对不同微型动物类群影响不同:在低浓度苯酚进水条件下,只有单个微型动物类群(有壳变形虫)受到明显的抑制,而当浓度增大至100 mg·L-1和300 mg·L-1时,对多个微型动物类群(固着型纤毛虫、有壳变形虫、匍匐型纤毛虫、肉食性纤毛虫等)产生抑制,对少数类群(鞭毛虫、线虫等)产生促进作用;苯酚影响下的污泥活性与微型动物之间存在一定的关联性,针棘匣壳虫(Centropyxis aculeata)、多变斜板虫(Plagiocampa mutabilis)等可作为含酚废水处理过程中污泥活性低的指示生物,湖累枝虫(Epistylis lacustris)、软波豆虫(Bodo lens)、跳侧滴虫(Pleuromonas jaculans)等可作为污泥活性高的指示生物.     

苏南水库硅藻群落结构特征及其控制因素

为了解我国东南湿润区丘陵山地型水库硅藻的群落结构特征和控制因素,于2015年6月硅藻水华敏感期对苏南地区18座水库的浮游植物群落结构和水质进行调查,分析了营养盐、水深、库容等因素与硅藻及其它浮游生物的关系.结果表明,硅藻达到轻度水华水平(硅藻细胞含量介于100~1 000万cells·L~(-1))的水库有10座,对供水和景观功能产生明显影响;苏南地区水库普遍处于中营养和富营养水平,总氮浓度普遍偏高,磷及营养状态指数与硅藻生物量的关系密切;苏南地区水库中的浮游植物在数量上以蓝藻门中的席藻为主,在生物量上则以硅藻门、绿藻门和蓝藻门为主,其中硅藻门浮游植物平均占总浮游植物生物量的46.8%,是浮游植物异常增殖的主要门类;硅藻门中,主要是针杆藻、小环藻、曲壳藻和直链藻这4个种属占优,特别是针杆藻和小环藻,平均占硅藻总生物量的51.6%和21.4%;较深的水体,利于硅藻成为主要优势藻门;较大的水库流域库容比和较高总磷水平会导致水库营养水平和叶绿素浓度增加,促进浮游植物从硅藻门向绿藻门、蓝藻门演替,增加藻类危害的风险.因此,对于该地区水库,需要加强流域管理,并且针对水库自身的特点,包括水深、流域库容比等,确定其特定的富营养化控制策略,从而减少硅藻等藻类水华发生的风险,提升水源地水质安全保障能力.     

基于快速聚类方法分析常州市区PM2.5的统计特性

运用统计方法研究常州市区2013~2014年6个国控点六项基本污染物(SO_2、NO_2、CO、O_3、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10))月平均浓度变化,结果表明,除O_3外,其它五项污染物月平均浓度夏季较低冬季较高.颗粒物与风速之间的关系为PM_(2.5)浓度随风速的升高一直降低,PM_(10)随风速的升高浓度先降低后升高.采用快速聚类分析(k-means)并运用SWV和DIV指数对六项基本污染物进行分类,得到4个样本分类.与依据颗粒物化学成分或粒径谱对PM进行源解析方法不同,本研究更多是从PM_(2.5)与其它污染物相关关系以及污染程度等角度按照欧式距离进行分类.不同类中PM_(2.5)来源明显不同,类1中PM_(2.5)与化石燃料燃烧排放密切相关,类2与O_3密切相关,类3与城市不完全燃烧排放、区域灰霾污染密切相关,类4可以归类于城市"背景"类.快速聚类分析结果也表明常州市区PM_(2.5)有着复杂的来源.     

Characteristics of atmospheric particles and heavy metals in winter in Chang-Zhu-Tan city clusters, China

To understand the pollution characteristics of atmospheric particles and heavy metals in winter in Chang-Zhu-Tan city clusters, China, total suspended particulate(TSP) and PM10samples were collected in cities of Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan from December 2011 to January 2012, and heavy metals of Cd, Pb, Cr, and As were analyzed. It shows that the average TSP concentration in Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan were(183 ± 73),(201 ± 84) and(190 ± 66) μg/m3respectively, and the average PM10 were(171 ± 82),(178 ± 65) and(179 ± 55) μg/m3respectively. The lowest TSP and PM10concentrations occurred at the background Shaping site of Changsha. The average ratio of ρ(PM10)/ρ(TSP) was 91.9%, ranging from 81.3% to 98.9%. Concerning heavy metals, in TSP samples, the concentration of Cr, As, Cd and Pb were 28.8–56.5, 18.1–76.3, 3.9–26.1 and 148.0–460.9 ng/m3, respectively, while in PM10samples, were 16.4–42.1, 15.5–67.9, 3.3–22.2 and 127.9–389.3 ng/m3, respectively. The enrichment factor of Cd was the highest, followed by Pb and As, while that of Cr was the lowest.     

Submerged vegetation removal promotes shift of dominant phytoplankton functional groups in a eutrophic lake

Historical data indicate that the dominance of submerged plants in Dianchi Lake in the 1960 s was characterized by low algal density with dominance of non-toxic group J（Scenedesmus,Pediastrum,etc.）. The removal of submerged plants,which began in the 1970 s,resulted in the expansion of bloom-forming Microcystis（group M）. Laboratory experiments suggested that Microcystis aeruginosa was inclined to grow and develop at elevated temperatures. The growth of Scenedesmus obliquus was slower than that of co-cultivated M. aeruginosa in the absence of Ceratophyllum demersum,especially at higher temperatures. The existence of submerged plant C. demersum could inhibit the growth of the harmful algae M. aeruginosa and this inhibitory effect by C. demersum was enhanced with an increase in temperature. Instead,with C. demersum,the growth of S. obliquus was not inhibited,but the co-cultivated M. aeruginosa was eliminated in a short time. Combined with the historical data and laboratory experiments,it was indicated that the submerged plants might play important roles in the dominance of the non-toxic group J in the historical succession. Consequently,the introduction of the submerged plant such as C. demersum might alter the dominant phytoplankton functional groups from M to J and benefit the restoration of the eutrophic lake.     

Community structure and elevational diversity patterns of soil Acidobacteria

Acidobacteria is one of the most dominant and abundant phyla in soil,and was believed to have a wide range of metabolic and genetic functions. Relatively little is known about its community structure and elevational diversity patterns. We selected four elevation gradients from 1000 to 2800 m with typical vegetation types of the northern slope of Shennongjia Mountain in central China. The vegetation types were evergreen broadleaved forest,deciduous broadleaved forest,coniferous forest and sub-alpine shrubs. We analyzed the soil acidobacterial community composition,elevational patterns and the relationship between Acidobacteria subdivisions and soil enzyme activities by using the 16 S rRNA meta-sequencing technique and multivariate statistical analysis. The result found that 19 known subdivisions as well as an unclassified phylotype were presented in these forest sites,and Subdivision 6 has the highest number of detectable operational taxonomic units(OTUs). A significant single peak distribution pattern(P 0.05) between the OTU number and the elevation was observed. The Jaccard and Bray–Curtis index analysis showed that the soil Acidobacteria compositional similarity significantly decreased(P 0.01) with the increase in elevation distance. Mantel test analysis showed the most of the soil Acidobacteria subdivisions had the significant relationship(P 0.01) with different soil enzymes. Therefore,soil Acidobacteria may be involved in different ecosystem functions in global elemental cycles. Partial Mantel tests and CCA analysis showed that soil pH,soil temperature and plant diversity may be the key factors in shaping the soil Acidobacterial community structure.     

Phytoremediation of levonorgestrel in aquatic environment by hydrophytes

Adsorption and degradation of levonorgestrel （LNG） by two hydrophytes, Cyperus alternfolius （CA） and Eichhornia crassipes （EC）, were investigated under light-shielding conditions in the water column. Variations of LNG concentrations in water, plant root epidermis, root, stem and leaf of the plants were analyzed. The results indicated that the removal efficiency of LNG by hydrophytes over the period of 50 days was significantly greater than the blank control （p 〈 0.05）, with the removal rates of 79.80%± 3.10% and 78.86% ± 2.55% for CA and EC, respectively. Compared with bio-adsorption, bio-conversion of LNG was found to be the dominant elimination pathway, evidenced by relatively high conversion rates （77.31% ±2.68% for CA and 77.82% ± 2.95% for EC）, while the adsorption rates were lower （1.77% ± 0.90% for CA and 1.05% ± 0.40% for EC）. The bio-adsorption and conversion of LNG showed no significant differences between the two hydrophytes. Additionally, the mineralization on root epidermis played an important role in the reduction of LNG in water.