空气质量指数(AQI)的社会经济影响因素分析——基于指数衰减效应视角

中国面临着严重的环境恶化问题,其中空气污染问题尤为突出.基于中国2014年全国城市空气质量数据,利用自然正交函数分析城市空气质量指数的时空演变特征,并采用基于衰减效应的矩阵指数空间设定模型探讨了空气污染的影响因素.研究结果表明:(1)AQI以京津冀为高值中心向周边地区呈衰减变化,污染核心区由京津冀逐渐向豫北地区和鲁西北地区扩散,年内AQI在1—9月呈现下降趋势,然后逐渐上升;(2)150个城市的空气质量指数呈现出明显的空间集聚;(3)矩阵指数空间设定模型优于空间滞后模型,并且城市间空气污染呈现出显著的空间衰减效应;(4)人均地区生产总值的提高、SO_2排放量和PM_(2.5)浓度增加是导致空气污染加剧的重要原因,而外商直接投资和环保意识的提高有助于改善中国的空气质量.     

一起石脑油储罐火灾爆炸事故的原因分析

通过对事故油罐着火爆炸三要素的分析,认为事故油罐中存在的硫铁化合物是主要的点火源,油罐中储存的大量石脑油及其挥发油气是主要的可燃物,油罐呼吸阀吸入的氧气是主要的助燃物针对油罐的爆炸原因提出防护措施:定期清理罐内形成的硫铁化合物,避开燃爆区间操作,采取惰性气体保护,最终防止气相燃爆.     

奥运期间北京大气降水酸化趋势及湿沉降来源探讨

分析了2008年8月奥运期间北京大气降水的理化特征,并与往年同期的降水特征进行了比较,进而深入研究了北京1997~2008年大气降水酸化趋势及湿沉降变化.研究结果发现：北京奥运期间大气污染控制措施的实施改善了北京的空气质量,并影响了降水离子构成;地壳源排放的减少降低了大气降水酸化缓冲能力,降水中Ca2+离子浓度比例降低,大气降水明显酸化;与往年相比,2008年8月北京大气降水表现为全市区域酸化趋势,湿沉降量也明显增加,这与北京近地面环境空气质量明显改善并不一致.此外,监测数据统计显示：近10年来北京空气质量的改善并没有降低北京大气降水湿沉降量,而且北京降水离子构成异于近地面主要大气污染物PM10.因此,近地面大气污染直接排放可能并不是北京降水湿沉降的唯一来源.夏季北京降水以偏南气流为主,而且存在由南向北的大气污染输送层,外来污染输送及区域性大气污染汇聚成为北京大气降水湿沉降的重要来源,但是否为北京大气降水湿沉降的主要来源需进一步研究证实.     

Evaluation of aquatic rehabilitation technologies for polluted urban rivers and the case study of the Foshan Channel

An index system for evaluation of technologies for urban river rehabilitation was proposed and discussed. The index system includes indicators of cost, resources, environmental improvement, and social effects. The calculation method for an objective value of each index based on its attributes and weights was presented. The Foshan Channel, which is a seriously polluted, black and malodorous urban river in Foshan City, China, was selected as a case study. The values of the attributes and the weights of the indices for the Foshan Channel were determined. The technologies for the rehabilitation of the Foshan Channel were evaluated based on this index system. Finally, a rehabilitation scheme for the Foshan Channel was proposed.     

全数字化环境监测系统的研制

研究了基于B/S和C/S混合模式的全数字化环境监测系统的拓扑网络结构、逻辑结构和系列关键技术。监测系统构建了基于信号获取层、数据采集层、片区管理层和中心管理层的数据流动模型,用户客户端群由片区客户端、中心客户端和移动客户端构成,通过Interanet和Internet构建了可视化环境监控平台。提出了基于图像处理的方法和支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)的工业烟尘浓度和排放量的识别算法。运行实际情况表明,系统具有实时可视化监控、准确浓度排放数据、终端用户使用简单可靠、系统可扩容性好等特点。该系统可为其他大型企业的环境监测提供参考。     

Assessing the impact on groundwater safety of inter-basin water transfer using a coupled modeling approach

Surface water and groundwater always behave in a coupled manner and are major components of hydrologic cycle. However, surface water simulation models and groundwater simulation models are run separately most of the time. Few models focus on the impact of hydraulic changes in the surface water flows on the groundwater, or specifically, the impact of a water transfer project to fill a seasonally dry channel. In this study, a linked surface water and groundwater simulation model was developed to assess the impact of a trans-basin water diversion project on the groundwater. A typical plain area east of Beijing was selected as a case study, representing Beijing’s main source of groundwater used for drinking water. A surface water quality model of the Chaobai River was developed based on the Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP), and a groundwater model was developed based on the Modular Finite-Difference Groundwater Flow Model (MODFLOW) and the Modular 3-D transport model (MT3D). The results of the surface water simulation were used as input for the groundwater simulation. Water levels and four contaminants (NH₃-N, COD_Mn, F, As) were simulated. With the same initial and boundary conditions, scenario analyses were performed to quantify the impact of different quantities of diversion water on the groundwater environment. The results showed the water quality of the groundwater sources was not significantly affected.     

发电厂启动备用变压器异常跳闸分析

针对一起10 kV保护越级跳闸故障,通过对故障录波中开关量及电流电压的变化趋势进行分析,找出事故发生原因,提出了相应的解决方法和措施。分析结果表明:故障是由保护值误整定及电路接线错误造成的。     

持久性有机污染物在大气与植物间交换过程研究进展

大气、植物间持久性有机物污染物(POPs)的交换行为是控制POPs进入食物链,及影响其全球范围内迁移、分布的重要环节.本文着重介绍了大气、植物间POPs交换过程方面的研究现状;总结了其影响因素,主要包括POPs本身的理化性质(lgKOA)、植物特性(叶片表面形态、脂质含量、表皮的可渗透性)以及环境温度;提出了目前大气、植物间POPs交换过程研究中存在的部分问题,以及今后可能的发展方向.     

化学絮凝与电絮凝调理污泥脱水性能影响作用的对比研究

电絮凝污泥调理是近年来发展起来的一种新型污泥预处理技术,具有破解污泥絮体、溶出胞外聚合物、改变污泥颗粒结构等作用,是实现后端污泥稳定化和减量化的有效手段.本研究比较了传统化学絮凝与电絮凝调理对污泥脱水性能的影响,深入分析了调理过程对污泥过滤性能、EPS组分和絮体结构的改变,并在此基础上优化了电絮凝操作条件.结果表明,以...     

Mineralogical analysis of waste LEDs and the recovery process of valuable components

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - LED lights are widely used in household appliances, automotive lighting, decorative materials, and other fields due to their high energy...