珠江三角洲区域一体化的水利政策法规体系研究

建立珠江三角洲区域一体化的水利政策法规体系是珠江三角洲国民经济社会发展和水利现代化建设的需要。从珠江三角洲地区现行水利政策法规存在的问题入手,开展珠江三角洲区域一体化的政策法规体系研究。结果表明：珠江三角洲地区现行水利政策法规体系仍很不完善,许多立、改、废工作亟待进行,2008年水政执法有效率总体较高,但很少在珠江三角洲层面开展区域一体化的联合执法,珠江三角洲水利政策法规体系建设应重点加强与水利现代化建设、水资源一体化配置、保护及管理相关的政策法规,进而建立统一协调、快速高效的区域一体化的联合执法体系。     

污泥发酵产物应用于草坪基质的伴生杂草辨识与溯源

通过在工程化草坪生产基地设置污泥发酵产物施川处理,对在草坪应用的杂草问题进行了深入分析。结果表明．污泥发酵物料的掺人增加伴生杂草总量2．92～6．67倍。主要伴生杂草种类为牛筋草（Eleusine indica（Linn）Gaertn）,与对照相比,污泥发酵物处理的牛筋草密度增加O．84～1．67倍;种籽主要来自于污泥物料。适当增加施用深度和预喷施除草刹可昆著降低伴生杂草密度约50％。     

Kinetics and mechanisms of reactions for hydrated electron with chlorinated benzenes in aqueous solution

The reactions between chlorinated benzenes (CBzs) and hydrated electron (eaq-) were investigated by the electron beam (EB) and laser flash photolysis (LFP) experiments. Under the EB irradiation, the effects of irradiation dose, initial concentration and the number of Cl atoms on the removal efficiencies were further examined. At 10 kGy, the removal efficiencies of mono-CB, 1,3-diCB, 1,2-diCB and 1,4-diCB were 41.2%, 87.2%, 84.0%, and 84.1%, respectively. While irradiation dose was 50 kGy, the removal efficiencies increased to 47.4%, 95.8%, 95.0%, and 95.2%, respectively. Irradiation of CBzs solutions has shown that the higher the initial concentration, the lower the percentage of CBzs removal. In addition to this, the dechlorination efficiencies of 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-diCB), 1,3-dichlorobenzene (1,3-diCB) and 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-diCB) were much higher than that of chlorobenzene (mono-CB). The kinetics of the reactions was achieved with nanosecond LFP. The rate constants of second-order reaction between eaq- with mono-CB, 1,2-diCB, 1,3-diCB and 1,4-diCB were (5.3±0.4) × 10⁸, (4.76±0.1) × 10⁹, (1.01±0.1) × 10¹⁰ and (3.29±0.2) × 10⁹ L·mol^-1·s^-1, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to determine the optical properties of unstable CBzs anion radicals, and the main absorption peaks lied in the range of 300–550 nm. The primary reaction pathway of CBzs with eaq- was gradual dechlorination, and the major products were Cl^- and benzene (CBzs(-Cl^-)). Furthermore, biphenyl (or chlorobiphenyl) was observed during the LFP, which was probably formed by recombination of benzene radicals.     

工业源VOCs治理技术效果实测评估

根据珠三角地区典型工业行业VOCs治理技术应用情况调研数据,选取6种典型治理技术开展现场测试,比较各类技术对VOCs的去除率和对VOCs物种的去除特征. 结果表明:活性炭吸附、水喷淋+活性炭吸附、活性炭吸附浓缩+催化燃烧、低温等离子体、溶液吸收、水喷淋+溶液吸收6种技术对工业VOCs去除率的范围分别为-98.1%~79.2%(负值表示可能存在活性炭脱附作用,下同)、-167.4%~57.5%、-3.8%~66.5%、34.1%~96.3%、22.8%~43.1%和2.7%~19.6%. 活性炭吸附及其组合技术对ρ(VOCs)<100 mg/m3的废气处理效果很差;而低温等离子体对ρ(VOCs)>1 000 mg/m3的废气治理效果较差. 活性炭吸附及其组合治理技术对芳香烃、酯类和醚类的去除率一般在40.0%左右;低温等离子体对除卤代烃外的其他物种去除率在28.6%~74.6%之间;溶液吸收法对醚类、芳香烃、酯类和卤代烃的去除率达33.2%~90.1%,而水喷淋+溶液吸收法对醇类、酮类和醚类的去除率可达到41.8%~98.9%. 未来应从经济、技术、监管三方面对工业VOCs治理技术进行综合评估,同时应对更多工业源的VOCs治理技术开展实测评估.      

国内加油站油气排放控制现状及对策研究

为消除加油站油气污染问题,分析了我国加油站的油气排放控制现状及其存在的问题,介绍了加油站的油气排放控制(回收工艺技术).分析了每个回收工艺技术中存在的问题,并提出了实行上岗前培训,加强管理监督,定期检修,就地处理一次回收的油气,以及不同加油站因地制宜地安装配套的油气回收设备等对策,为加油站的油气排放控制提供参考.     

Effects of Cd2+ exposure on key life history traits and activities of four metabolic enzymes in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidopteran: Noctuidae)

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic non-essential element accumulated easily in living organisms due to its non-biodegradable nature. A slight increase in Cd levels will threaten the health of terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Therefore, Cd contamination and its effects on the ecosystems and organisms have become a major topic of eco-toxicological research. The present study investigated the eco-toxicological effects of Cd-supplemented diet on some life history traits and specific enzyme activities of carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. The results showed that Cd significantly decreased larval survival, pupation and emergence, and reduced body mass of the sixth instar larvae, pupae, adult moths and female fecundity. Cd-supplemented diet also delayed the development of larvae and pupae and shortened the life span of the cotton bollworm moth. In addition, dietary Cd inhibited the activities of GST, CarE and P450, but increased AChE activity of the sixth instar larvae. We concluded that life history traits and metabolic enzymes are sensitive to Cd stress in the cotton bollworm. These parameters are potential biomarkers for monitoring environmental stress in Lepidopteran insect pests.     

流域生态服务补偿定量标准研究

流域生态服务补偿标准是流域保护、管理和生态补偿立法的关键环节,而生态补偿标准的定量化评估,是目前流域生态服务补偿的关键技术.本文根据金华江实地调查,从上游供给成本、下游需求费用、最大支付意愿、水资源的市场价格4个方面剖析了流域生态服务补偿支付的标准及定量估算方法.并根据分析结果提出了相应的建议.     

1980-2009年期间黑龙江省玉米低温冷害年判定

将黑龙江省玉米种植区分为东、西、南、北、中5个区域,并在5个区域中选取24个气象站作为研究对象,利用逐日气象资料和玉米发育期资料,考虑玉米各发育阶段对温度的不同需求,建立具有气象、农学和生物学意义的玉米低温冷害综合指标。结果表明:1980-2009年间,黑龙江省共发生了14次玉米低温冷害,其中1987年冷害严重;以每10年进行比较,冷害的发生频次和程度都呈下降趋势。近30年来,冷害程度具有明显的区域差异,北部重于中部,中部重于南部;冷害频次上呈现北部最多,中部次之,南部最少的特点。     

林业生物灾害预警的内涵

林业生物灾害预警是我国林业有害生物预防体系的主要内容,但一直以来对林业生物灾害这一概念没有一个统一的定义,处于“各自表述”的状态.在参考国内外林业生物灾害预警研究的基础上,对一些相关概念做了厘清,提出了一个林业生物灾害预警系统的框架.该系统由4部分构成:分析潜在威胁、检定真实威胁、警情发布和响应威胁.通过有害生物风险分析和发生预测来判断潜在的威胁;通过威胁勘察、监测和检疫措施来检定真实的威胁;然后评估威胁大小.提出了一个度量威胁大小的指标——发生指数,它既考虑了有害生物的种群密度(或病情指数),又考虑了发生面积.发生指数可在当年有害生物发生结束后根据实际发生情况计算,但在预警时必须根据预警指标(立地指数、林分指数、气象指数等)来推算.根据推算的发生指数,将警情分级,向经营者和公众发布警报.同时,相关部门根据相应的预案进行威胁响应.对预案执行情况应进行评估,必要时进行预案修订.     

Performance evaluation of various stormwater best management practices

Many best management practices have been developed and implemented to treat the nonpoint source pollution of the aquatic environment in Korea's four major river basins. The performance and cost of these facilities were evaluated and compared using broad categories, including grassed swales, constructed wetlands, vegetated filter strips, hydrodynamic separators, media filters, and infiltration trenches, based on the monitoring and maintenance work undertaken between 2005 and 2012. Constructed wetlands, media filters, and infiltration trenches generally performed better in removing pollutants than other types of facilities, while media filters were the most expensive factor in terms of construction and operational costs. In addition, constructed wetlands incurred the least operational cost, as well as helping to control the quantity of runoff. This illustrates that a high cost facility does not necessarily give a better performance. A slightly more expensive facility, such as wetland, could prove to be a reasonably effective treatment. The selection of the most appropriate treatment for stormwater runoff should be based on an overall analysis of performance and cost.