亚硝化/电化学生物反硝化全自养脱氮工艺研究

开发出了针对低C/N比高氨氮废水处理的亚硝化/电化学生物反硝化全自养脱氮新工艺,并对新工艺进行了系统的研究.试验结果表明,新工艺能取得较好的脱氮效果,在溶解氧为0.5～1.2mg·L-1,pH值为7.5～8.2,温度为17～30℃,进水氨氮浓度不高于1000 mg·L-1,C/N比不高于0.5,HRT不高于32h条件下,亚硝化/电化学反硝化工艺装置运行稳定,亚硝化段膜生物反应器(MBR)出水的氨氮去除率和亚硝氮生成率均能稳定在50%左右,MBR出水中的剩余氨氮和生成的亚硝氮经电化学生物反硝化段(硫碳混合反应器)处理后,最终出水总氮去除率超过95%;出水中的SO2-4浓度不高于1280 mg·L-1.新工艺最高氨氮负荷为1.11kg·m-3·d-1.     

大型垃圾填埋场渗滤水氨氮衰减规律

大型试验场 ((30 0 0× 4)m3 )中填入 10 80 0t垃圾 ,对试验场渗滤液氨氮质量浓度进行长达 3 5年的测定 (1— 2周测定一次 ) ,建立了填埋场渗滤液NH3 N质量浓度随时间变化的数学模型 ,并利用模型预测了上海老港填埋场渗滤液NH3 N质量浓度通过自然衰减达到排放标准所需时间 ,同时提出填埋场的规划和设计可以由传统的渗滤液及时外排处理式转变为不及时外排 ,使其在填埋场内NH3 N质量浓度大幅度自然衰减后抽出处理 ,这样可以大量节省费用 ,简化操作工艺 .     

基于VOCs污染场地地下水调查的人体健康风险研究

挥发性有机污染物可以通过渗透、淋溶、挥发等方式入侵到地下水,场地环境中包括地下水介质.采用污染场地风险评估程序四步法,通过对某有机污染场地地下水采样分析调查,分析地下水中挥发性有机污染物的浓度和分布情况,得出以下结论.该场地的浅层地下水和深度离散地下水样本中理论生存期多于癌风险均高于项目的目标水平.其中,前者风险的来源主要是PCE、TCE和VC,而后者风险值主要贡献于TCE.若该场地要将地下水作为饮用水源,则需对地下水中化合物采取进一步的措施.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in an airlift intermittent circulation membrane bioreactor

A new airlift intermittent circulation integrated bioreactor was developed for simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal of wastewater, in which, circulation of mixed liquid between mixing zone and aeration zone was realized by aeration power, alternately anaerobic/anoxic bio-environment in mixing zone was realized by intermittent circulation and simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal was obtained through strengthened denitrifying phosphorus removal process. Removal performance of the reactor was investigated and pollutant removal and transfer mechanism in one operation circle was analyzed. The experiment results indicated that under the influent condition of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of 642.1 mg/L, total nitrogen (TN) of 87.4 mg/L and PO₄^3?-P of 12.1 mg/L, average removal efficiencies of COD, TN and PO₄^3?-P reached 96.4%, 83.2% and 90.5%, respectively, with the hydraulic residence time of 22 hr and operation circle time of 185 min. Track studies indicated that the separation of aeration and mixing zones and intermittent circulation of mixed liquid between the two zones provided distinct biological environments spatially and temporally, which ensured the occurrence of multifunctional microbial reactions.     

磺化酚醛树脂干燥工艺节能改造实践

文章对某助剂厂磺化酚醛树脂干燥工艺节能改造经验进行总结。比较了同行业类似干燥设备的优缺点,并进行工艺分析和技术论证,通过设备选型,采用了直燃热风炉等节能设备。结果表明:SMP干粉产能提高了1倍,单位产品耗电量和用煤量占原有生产线平均值的60%和48%。     

活性炭吸附和脱附-等离子体氧化净化有机废气

根据滑动弧放电等离子体适于降解高浓度有机物废气的特性,结合活性炭吸附法,提出了吸附器的吸附浓缩和热脱附-等离子体氧化净化有机废气技术。实际运行结果表明:对于处理低浓度、大风量的有机废气,该技术与其他技术相比具有净化效率高、二次污染小和节省能耗等优点。     

天津市区夏冬季环境空气PM2.5中碳组分污染特征及来源研究

为了明确天津市区环境受体PM_(2.5)中碳组分的污染特征及来源,本研究分别于2016年2月(冬季)和8月(夏季)在天津市区设置6个采样点位同步采集PM_(2.5)样品,采用热光反射法测定样品中各个碳组分(OC1~OC4、EC1~EC3和OP(裂解碳))的含量,并计算得到OC、EC、CharEC和Soot-EC,以定性识别大气颗粒物中碳组分的来源.结果表明,夏季PM_(2.5)中OC平均浓度为(7.5±3.0)μg·m-3,占PM_(2.5)的11.7%±4.1%;而冬季相比于夏季OC的浓度和占比均有增加,分别为(13.1±7.0)μg·m-3和13.9%±2.8%.夏季和冬季EC浓度分别为(4.0±1.8)μg·m-3、(4.3±2.4)μg·m-3,占PM_(2.5)的6.1%±2.0%和4.6%±1.2%.OC与EC的相关性在夏季(r=0.83,p0.01)和冬季(r=0.96,p0.01)均显著,而冬季CharEC与OC(r=0.94,p0.01)、EC(r=0.98,p0.01)相关性明显高于夏季(OC:r=0.44,p0.01;EC:r=0.45,p0.01).PM_(2.5)中OC/EC平均值在夏季和冬季分别为1.9和3.0,估算得到夏季SOC为(2.6±1.4)μg·m-3,占OC的33.5%±13.6%;冬季为(3.5±2.5)μg·m-3,占OC的26.6%±12.0%.夏季Char-EC/Soot-EC为6.5,高于冬季(4.9),并且空间差异性显著(t检验,p0.05).正定矩阵因子模型(PMF)解析结果表明,天津市区大气PM_(2.5)中碳组分主要有4类来源:燃煤及生物质排放混合源、柴油车、汽油车、道路尘,对夏季PM_(2.5)中碳组分分担率分别为35.4%、16.4%、20.5%、14.4%;对冬季碳组分分担率分别为41.3%、15.5%、18.1%、16.3%.可见,燃煤和机动车是天津市区PM_(2.5)中碳组分的主要来源.     

天津冬季PM2.5与PM10中有机碳、元素碳的污染特征

研究了天津冬季PM2.5和PM10中碳成分的污染特征.结果表明,天津冬季PM2.5和PM10的平均质量浓度分别为(124.4±60.9)、(224.6±131.2)μg/m3;总碳(TC)、有机碳(OC)与元素碳(EC)在PM2.5中的平均质量分数比在PM10中分别高出5.0%、3.6%、1.2%;PM2.5中OC、EC的相关系数较高,为0.95,表明OC、EC的来源相对简单,可能主要反应了燃煤和机动车尾气的贡献.OC/EC的平均值在PM2.5和PM10中分别为3.9、4.9.次生有机碳(SOC)在PM2.55和PM10中的平均质量浓度分别为14.9、23.4/μg/m3,分别占OC的48.5%(质量分数,下同)、49.8%,OC/EC较高可能主要与直接排放源有关;PM2.5中的OC1与OC2的比例明显高于PM10,而聚合碳(OPC)的比例又低于PM10,同时PM2.5与PM10中的EC1含量均较高,表明天津冬季燃煤取暖和机动车尾气是重要的污染源.     

长三角北部沿海城市2018年大气VOCs分布特征

于2018年4—9月在连云港市不同功能区进行了VOCs苏玛罐采样,分析了57种PAMS物种和15种醛酮化合物.结果表明,工业区VOCs浓度最高（54.51 μg·m^-3）,其次是城区（52.59 μg·m^-3）,郊区浓度最低（43.98 μg·m^-3）.不同功能区的VOCs组分占比类似,都为醛酮（39.29%~45.94%） > 烷烃（27.61%~33.15%） > 芳香烃（15.99%~20.25%） > 烯烃（6.49%~7.39%） > 乙炔（0.55%~0.85%）.连云港市PAMS组分浓度与我国其他城市相比明显处于较低水平,季节变化趋势在连云港市城区和郊区基本一致,各组分浓度水平则是城区和工业区较为接近,明显高于郊区.醛酮类化合物中含量最高的为丙酮和2-丁酮,与我国其他城市和乡村地区相比也处在较高水平,季节变化趋势在连云港市所有功能区均呈现春季最高,秋季最低,夏季居中的情况.采用MIR系数计算VOCs的臭氧生成潜势（OFP）,不同功能区对臭氧生成贡献最大的都是芳香烃（39.18%~46.63%）,醛酮（23.90%~29.89%）其次.OFP排名前十物种表明,在连云港市控制正己烷、甲苯、二甲苯、三甲苯等芳香烃和丙酮、2-丁酮,可以有效控制O₃生成.甲苯/苯比值在2左右表明连云港市交通源对大气VOCs贡献显著,由异戊烷/TVOCs比值可知城区和郊区汽油挥发源贡献明显大于工业区,甲醛/乙醛比值在1左右表明连云港市不同功能区大气都符合城市地区的特征,从苯/甲苯与二甲苯/苯比值散点图发现连云港市大气老化特征明显.     

Chemical signature and fractionation of trace elements in fine particles from anthropogenic and natural sources

The health effects of trace metal elements in atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) are widely recognized, however, the emission factor profiles and chemical fractionation of metal elements in different sources were poorly understand. In this study, sixteen metal elements, including Cd, Pb, V, Zn, Ba, Sb, As, Fe, Sr, Cr, Rb, Co, Mn, Cu, Ni and Sn from biomass burning, bituminite and anthracite combustion, as well as dust, were quantified. The results show different emission sources were associated with distinct emission profiles, holding important implications for source apportionment of ambient particulate metals. Specifically, Fe was the dominant metal species (28-1922 mg/kg) for all samples, and was followed by different metals for different samples. For dust, Mn (39.9 mg/kg_dust) had the second-highest emission factor, while for biomass burning, it was Cr and Ba (7.5 and 7.4 mg/kg_biomass, respectively). For bituminous coal combustion, the emission factor of Zn and Ba was 6.2 and 6.0 mg/kg_bituminous, respectively, while for anthracite combustion the corresponding emission factor was 5.6 and 4.3 mg/kg_anthracite, respectively. Moreover, chemical fractionation (i.e., the exchangeable, reducible fraction, oxidizable, and residual fraction) and the bioavailability index (BI) values of the metal elements from different sources were further investigated to reveal the link between different emission sources and the potential health risk. The findings from this study hold important implications for source apportionment and source-specific particulate metal-associated health effects.