苯磺酰基环烷烃甲酸酯结构对发光菌的毒性影响

测定了一批具有大小不同碳环的的苯磺酰基环烷烃甲酸酯对发光菌的毒性数据，值得注意的是碳环大小的改变会影响化合物的毒性，碳环对毒性的影响按三元环〉四元环〉五元环〉六元环的顺序减小。     

Competition and facilitation between germlings of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Ascophyllum nodosum</Emphasis> and<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Fucus vesiculosus</Emphasis>

Competitive interactions between germlings of Ascophyllum nodosum (L) Le Jolis and Fucus vesiculosus L. were studied both in the laboratory and on a shore of the Isle of Man, in the Irish Sea. Both intra- and interspecific competition were investigated by comparing the performance of algal germlings both in monocultures and mixed populations of the two species. The growth of germlings of both species reduced with increasing density. F. vesiculosus always grew faster than Ascophyllum and did best in mixed cultures, whereas Ascophyllum did least well when mixed with Fucus germlings. Clearly the adverse effects of F. vesiculosus on A. nodosum were greater than those of Ascophyllum cohorts. At the same total density, the survival and growth of Ascophyllum declined with an increasing proportion of Fucus germlings, implying that poor recruitment of A. nodosum results from strong competition with F. vesiculosus. However, under desiccation stress on the shore, F. vesiculosus enhanced the survival of A. nodosum at the early germling stage even though competition may occur again at the late stage. Thus, whether interactions between germlings take the form of competition or facilitation depends on the environmental conditions.Communicated by O. Kinne, Oldendorf/Luhe     

固定化光合细菌处理催化裂化与加氢废水

在２８Ｌ柱式反应器内,沼泽红假单胞菌经软性纤维固定后,连续处理炼油厂催化裂化与加氢废水（此前已经过汽提和厌氧消化预处理）。当反应器进水ＣＯＤ为４７０ｍｇ／Ｌ、废水停留时间为７０ｈ时,出水分离出菌体后,ＣＯＤ小于１００ｍｇ／Ｌ。建立了该处理系统的动力学模型,其参数Ｋｓ＝２９．８ｍｇ／Ｌ,μｍ＝０．０１ｈ－１。     

Seasonal variations of monoterpene emissions from coniferous trees of different ages in Korea

Seasonal variations of emission rates and compositions from coniferous species were measured under controlled conditions using a vegetation enclosure method. Total emission rates and compositions of monoterpene compounds from young and adult trees in different seasons were compared.

It was found that the total emission rates and the components of monoterpene varied significantly with tree species, age, and season. Total emissions from C. japonica and P. koraiensis were higher for older trees than for younger trees; however, significantly higher emissions were found from younger trees for C. obtusa. Higher monoterpene emission rates from each plant were found in spring and summer compared with autumn and winter emissions.     

铬渣的固化/稳定化研究

探讨了用水泥粘结剂对铬渣进行稳定化的方法。结果表明，把高炉矿渣和粉煤灰加入水泥基材中对铬渣进行固化，固化体抗压强度达到30MPa以上，浸出毒性大大降低，浸了同液中六价铬浓度在容许范围内，建议可以综合利用。     

Mussel watch: a review of Cu and other metals in various marine organisms in Taiwan, 1991-98

This study presents the distribution of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg and As in various marine organisms collected along the western coast of Taiwan from 1991 to 1998, and also evaluates the time variation of Cu in oysters before (1980-85) and after (1986-98) the "green oyster" incident. The results show that relatively high geometric mean (GM) concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As and Hg were generally found in Crassostrea gigas (Cu=229 microg/g, Zn=783 microg/g), Gomphina aeguialtera (Pb=30.3 microg/g), Tegillarca granosa (Cd=2.85 microg/g), Thais clavigera (As=96.9 microg/g) and Parapenaeopsis cornuta (Hg=1.35 microg/g), respectively. Especially, maximum Cu and Zn concentrations (GM=229 and 783 microg/g, respectively) in oysters (C. gigas) from different culture areas were much higher than those of the other organisms by about 1.13-458 and 2.40-63.7 times, respectively. Similarly, rock-shells (Thais clavigera) had a high capacity for accumulating Cu (GM=202 microg/g) and Zn (GM=326 microg/g) under the same physico-chemical conditions. The highest GM Cu and Zn concentrations of 1108 (range from 113 to 2806) and 1567 (range from 303 to 3593) microg/g were obtained in oysters from the Hsiangshan coastal area, one of the most important oyster culture areas in Taiwan. However, the highest GM Cd and As concentrations of 6.82 and 19.3 microg/g were found in oysters from the Machu Islands. Mean Cu concentrations in the oysters from the Erhjin Chi estuary declined from 2194+/-212 microg/g in 1986-90 to 545 microg/g (GM) in 1991-96. In the Hsiganshan area, GM Cu concentrations of 909 microg/g (1991-96) and 1351 microg/g (1997-98) in oysters were significantly higher than those of 201 microg/g (1980-85) and 682 microg/g (1986-90). The gradually increasing levels of Cu and Zn in the oysters from the Hsiangshan area have been observed year by year.     

Characteristics of single atmospheric particles in a heavily polluted urban area of China: size distributions and mixing states

To investigate the chemical composition, size distribution, and mixing state of aerosol particles on heavy pollution days, single-particle aerosol mass spectrometry was conducted during 9–26 October 2015 in Xi’an, China. The measured particles were classified into six major categories: biomass burning (BB) particles, K-secondary particles, elemental carbon (EC)–related particles, metal-containing particles, dust, and organic carbon (OC) particles. BB and EC-related particles were the dominant types during the study period and mainly originated from biomass burning, vehicle emissions, and coal combustion. According to the ambient air quality index, two typical episodes were defined: clean days (CDs) and polluted days (PDs). Accumulation of BB particles and EC-related particles was the main reason for the pollution in Xi’an. Most types of particle size were larger on PDs than CDs. Each particle type was mixed with secondary species to different degrees on CDs and PDs, indicating that atmospheric aging occurred. The mixing state results demonstrated that the primary tracers were oxidized or vanished and that the amount of secondary species was increased on PDs. This study provides valuable information and a dataset to help control air pollution in the urban areas of Xi’an.

Graphical abstract

     

河南省冬季3次重污染过程的数值模拟及输送特征分析

利用WRF-Chem模式模拟2015年11月27日—12月1日、12月5—14日、12月19—25日河南3次重污染过程,结合空气污染资料和ERA-Interim再分析资料,对比分析了这3次重污染过程的开始、持续和结束及污染物的输送特征.结果表明,静稳天气有利于污染的发展持续,3次重污染过程的结束均是由西路冷空气入侵造成的.第1次重污染过程平均风场上的风速均为小风或静风,从湖北到河南南部风向为偏南风;而第2和第3次重污染过程平均风场分别以偏东和偏北风为主.第2和第3次重污染过程中均存在明显的由北向南的污染物输送过程.3次重污染过程中,河南省本地排放对本省PM_(2.5)浓度的平均贡献率最大,而河南省周边区域对河南PM_(2.5)浓度的平均贡献率在这3次过程中不一样,第1次重污染过程,河南南部主要受偏南风影响,湖北对河南PM_(2.5)浓度的平均贡献率最大,为20.7%;第2和第3次重污染过程主要受偏东风影响,安徽和江苏对河南PM_(2.5)浓度的平均贡献率最大,分别为17.7%和18.5%.3次重污染过程中,安阳的主要污染输送源均不相同,分别来自河北、江苏和安徽、本省.     

大规模突发事件应急资源调度的多目标鲁棒优化研究

为及时有效地控制大规模突发事件的不良影响,考虑应急响应系统中多种应急物资需求呈不确定性的特征,建立最小化总成本和总时间的多目标-两阶段临时配送中心选址和应急资源调度模型。采用相对鲁棒优化方法对模型进行求解,利用区间估计描述不确定性因素,并引入扰动系数和控制参数调节模型的鲁棒性和最优性。数值实验结果表明,该模型能有效解决需求不确定下应急资源调度网络的构建问题,且能保证应急决策良好的鲁棒性。最后,通过分析测算单目标与多目标模型下目标值的结果以及不同控制参数与扰动系数下目标值结果,进一步验证了该模型符合应急响应实际情况。     

Analysis of diffusion-adsorption equivalency of landfill liner systems for organic contaminants

The equivalence between multilayered barriers regarding diffusion and adsorption is analyzed by means of an analytical method. The bottom boundary of the liner system is defined by assuming concentration continuous and flux continuous conditions of the contaminant between the bottom liner layer and the underlying soil. Five different liner systems were compared in terms of solute breakthrough time. The results of the analysis show that breakthrough time of the hydrophobic organic compounds for a 2-meter-thick compacted clay liner (CCL) can be 3-4 orders of magnitude greater than the breakthrough time for a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) composite liner. The GM/GCL and GM/CCL composite liner systems provide a better diffusion barrier for the hydrophilic organic compounds than that for the hydrophobic compounds due to their different Henry's coefficient. The calculated breakthrough times of the organic contaminants for the Chinese standard liner systems were found to be generally greater than those for the GCL alternatives, for the specific conditions examined. If the distribution coefficient increases to 2.8 for the hydrophobic compounds or 1.0 for the hydrophilic compounds, the thickness of the attenuation layer needed to achieve the same breakthrough time as the standard liner systems can be reduced by a factor of about 1.9-2.4. As far as diffusive and adsorption contaminant transport are concerned, GM or GCL is less effective than CCL.