黄土高原草地土壤水分和物种多样性沿降水梯度的分布格局

研究土壤水分、生物多样性的空间变异性是认识陆地生态系统对降水变化的响应特征及适应机制的有效途径。论文利用黄土高原自东南向西北的天然降水梯度,采用样带研究方法对47个草地0~3 m土壤水分和物种多样性进行测定,系统分析了草地土壤水分和植物物种多样性在降水梯度上（250~550 mm）的空间分异及二者之间的权衡关系。结果表明：降水自东南向西北递减是控制黄土高原草地0~3 m土壤水分和物种多样性空间异质性的关键因素。随降雨减少,土壤水分呈线性递减趋势,其中浅层土壤水分（0~1 m）与年降水量相关系数最大。物种丰富度指数和物种多样性指数随降水减少呈显著的线性递减趋势,物种均匀度指数在降水梯度上没有明显变化。370 mm年均降水量是物种多样性和土壤水分权衡关系的转折点,转折点以上二者存在协同关系,即土壤水分和物种多样性沿降水梯度以相同速率变化。370 mm年均降水量以下,物种多样性和土壤水分的权衡增大,意味着维持物种多样性以消耗土壤水分为代价。     

Alkali resistance promotion of Ce-doped vanadium-titanic-based NH3-SCR catalysts

The effect of K deactivation on V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 and Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 catalysts in the selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NOxby NH_3 was studied.Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 showed significantly higher resistance to K deactivation than V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2.Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 with K/V = 4(molar ratio) showed 90% NOxconversion at 350°C,whereas in this case V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 showed no activity.The fresh and K-poisoned V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 and Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 catalysts were investigated by means of in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS),NH_3-temperature progress decomposition(NH_3-TPD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and H2-temperature program reduction(H_2-TPR).The effect of Ce doping on the improving resistance to K of V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 were discussed.     

A comparison of chemical MSW compositional data between China and Denmark

Chemical waste compositions are important for municipal solid waste management, as they determine the pollution potentials from different waste strategies. A representative dataset for chemical characteristics of individual waste fractions is frequently required to assess chemical waste composition, but it is usually reported in developed countries and not in developing countries. In this study, a dataset for Chinese waste was established through careful data screening and assessment, named as CN dataset. Meanwhile, a dataset for Danish waste (DK dataset) was also summarized based on previous studies. In order to quantitatively evaluate the reliabilities of CN and DK datasets, the chemical waste compositions in four Chinese cities were estimated by utilizing both of them, respectively. It is indicated that the usage of CN datasets led to significantly lower discrepancies from the actual values based on laboratory analysis in most cases. Within the datasets, the moisture contents of food waste, paper, textiles, and plastics, the carbon content of food waste, as well as the oxygen content of plastics would induce significant divergences, which should be paid special attention when gathering the information. In addition, the fractional waste compositions in China showed similar features with other developing countries but differ significantly with developed countries. Thus the above-mentioned conclusions could also be true in other developing countries.     

利用集合均方根卡尔曼滤波反演重庆地区SO2源排放

传统的"自下而上"清单方法估算的排放清单,其数据的准确性和时效性存在较大局限.基于集合均方根卡尔曼滤波的源清单反演方法,结合WRF-CMAQ（天气研究和预报模式-公共多尺度空气质量模型）被用于对以清华大学编制的2010年MEIC（中国多尺度排放清单模型）排放清单为基础制作的重庆地区SO₂排放源进行反演试验以解决准确性和时效性问题,试验时间段为2014年10月15-31日,重庆主城17个环境空气质量国控监测点ρ（SO₂）小时观测资料用于反演及检验.结果表明:该方法能够反演重庆地区SO₂源排放量,随着反演次数增加,基于反演排放源预报的ρ（SO₂）预报误差持续减小,反演4次后预报误差达到比较低的稳定的水平,其均方根误差均低于20 μg/m3. 5次反演后SO₂源排放量用于2014年10月24-29日每天起始预报,其预报的站点、时间平均的均方根误差从100~400 μg/m3降至30 μg/m3以下.反演中应用局地化尺度减少集合取样误差影响,54与81 km两个局地化尺度反演结果对预报改善效果相当,表明主要影响重庆主城ρ（SO₂）的源排放位于主城及周边地区,也说明内源排放对重庆主城ρ（SO₂）起主要影响.反演后面源排放量主城区降幅约为30 kg/（d·km2）,周边地区减少10~20 kg/（d·km2）,主城区部分SO₂点源排放量降幅约为25 kg/（d·km2）,说明2010年MEIC排放清单高估了试验时段重庆地区的SO₂排放.      

A comprehensive classification method for VOC emission sources to tackle air pollution based on VOC species reactivity and emission amounts

In China, volatile organic compound(VOC) control directives have been continuously released and implemented for important sources and regions to tackle air pollution. The corresponding control requirements were based on VOC emission amounts(EA), but never considered the significant differentiation of VOC species in terms of atmospheric chemical reactivity. This will adversely influence the effect of VOC reduction on air quality improvement. Therefore,this study attempted to develop a comprehensive classification method for typical VOC sources in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region(BTH), by combining the VOC emission amounts with the chemical reactivities of VOC species. Firstly, we obtained the VOC chemical profiles by measuring 5 key sources in the BTH region and referencing another 10 key sources, and estimated the ozone formation potential(OFP) per ton VOC emission for these sources by using the maximum incremental reactivity(MIR) index as the characteristic of source reactivity(SR). Then, we applied the data normalization method to respectively convert EA and SR to normalized EA(NEA) and normalized SR(NSR) for various sources in the BTH region.Finally, the control index(CI) was calculated, and these sources were further classified into four grades based on the normalized CI(NCI). The study results showed that in the BTH region,furniture coating, automobile coating, and road vehicles are characterized by high NCI and need to be given more attention; however, the petro-chemical industry, which was designated as an important control source by air quality managers, has a lower NCI.     

FeCl3改性MOFs在低温下对Hg0的吸附性能

为提高吸附剂对Hg0（零价汞）的吸附效率,利用MOFs（金属有机框架）材料发达的孔隙结构和高比表面积（1 997.010 0 m2/g）,采用FeCl₃溶液浸渍改性,制备了吸附剂FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）用于脱除Hg0.在小型固定床反应器上考察了浸渍浓度、反应温度、氧含量等对Hg0去除的影响.结果表明:FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）在进口ρ（Hg0）为2×10-3 mg/L,c（FeCl₃）为0.2 mol/L,反应温度60℃,气体流速400 mL/min,φ（O₂）为1%的条件下,吸附穿透时间长达62 h,相应的吸附容量为14.27 mg/g.在此基础上,进一步利用BET（比表面积测试）、SEM（扫描电镜）-EDX（能量色散X射线光谱）、XRD（X射线衍射）、XPS（X射线光电子能谱）等常用表征手段研究了改性前后吸附剂的物理化学特性,证明了吸附剂FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）吸附零价汞是物理吸附与化学吸附共同作用的结果,含氯官能团在吸附Hg0过程中也发挥了相当大的作用,并且氧气可促进其吸附效果.最后,分析了其吸附机理.研究显示,该种吸附剂在低温条件下具有较为优良的脱汞性能,应用前景良好.      

广东红海湾海域表层水环境中重金属含量特征及污染评价

为了研究红海湾海域水体中重金属的污染水平,2015年5月和11月在研究海域设48个采样站位进行了表层水样分析,分析了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As共7种重金属的含量及污染特征,采用单因子污染指数评价法和综合污染评价法对研究海域的水质污染情况进行评价分析,利用变异系数法来分析了各调查站位之间污染物在空间尺度上离散程度,使用相关性分析和PCA方法分析重金属污染物的主要来源。结果表明,该海域表层海水中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As含量的平均值均满足《海水水质标准》二类水质要求,单因子污染指数法评价结果显示7种重金属平均含量的污染程度大体排序为:Zn＞Pb＞Cu＞As＞Cd＞Cr＞Hg。综合污染评价法显示评价海域表层海水中7种重金属综合污染指数的平均值均小于1,且综合污染指数整体相差不大,研究海域属于清洁海域。变异系数结果表明各站位间水体中重金属含量在调查海域空间离散度较大,研究海域的重金属污染物来自不同的污染源。相关性分析和PCA方法分析表明,重金属元素Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As之间的相关系数较小,且前三个主分中的研究重金属元素正载荷较低,因此重金属元素相互之间都不具有相似的污染水平或共同的污染来源,元素之间具有共同来源的概率较低。     

Energy-saving benefits from plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: perspectives based on real-world measurements

Promoting plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) is one important option to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants for road transportation sector. In 2015, more than 220,000 new PHEVs were registered across the world, indicating a 25-fold growth during 2011–2015. However, more criticizes have been put forward against the current energy efficiency regulations for vehicles that are mostly depended on laboratory measurements. To better understand the real-world energy-saving and emission mitigation benefits from PHEVs, we conducted on-road testing experiments under various operating conditions for two in-use PHEVs in Beijing, China. Our results indicate that air condition usage, congested traffic conditions, and higher loading mass could significantly increase energy consumption and shorten actual all-electric distance for PHEVs. For example, the worst case (14.1 km) would occur under harshest usage conditions, which is lower by at least 35% than the claimed range over 20 km. In charge sustaining (CS) mode, real-world fuel consumption also presents a large range from 3.5 L/100 km to 6.3 L/100 km because of varying usage conditions. Furthermore, various vehicle users have significantly different travel profiles, which would lead to large heterogeneity of emission mitigation benefits among individual PHEV adopters. Therefore, this study suggests that the global policy makers should use real-world energy efficiency of emerging electrified powertrain techniques as criteria to formulate relevant regulations and supportive policies.     

炼化企业防恐脆弱性评估指标体系构建及评估方法探讨

脆弱性评估是企业防恐风险评估的关键环节。结合炼化企业装置设施特征,建立了以易损性、敏感性、承灾能力以及应急能力等4项一级指标、17项二级指标的防恐脆弱性评估指标体系,采用模糊层次分析法进行了防恐脆弱性半定量化评估,并根据评估结果提出了某炼化企业关键资产的安保策略改进方向。     

化工物料包装过程静电危害分析

高绝缘化工物料在包装过程中极易带电,以聚酯切片包装为研究对象,对聚酯切片在输送、包装过程物料静电起电机理进行了分析,并对聚酯切片输送包装过程中的包装袋表面电位及物料荷质比进行现场检测,探讨了聚酯切片打包过程中静电危害及预防措施。