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91.
Loss of an ecological baseline through the eradication of oyster reefs from coastal ecosystems and human memory
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Oyster reefs form over extensive areas and the diversity and productivity of sheltered coasts depend on them. Due to the relatively recent population growth of coastal settlements in Australia, we were able to evaluate the collapse and extirpation of native oyster reefs (Ostrea angasi) over the course of a commercial fishery. We used historical records to quantify commercial catch of O. angasi in southern Australia from early colonization, around 1836, to some of the last recorded catches in 1944 and used our estimates of catch and effort to map their past distribution and assess oyster abundance over 180 years. Significant declines in catch and effort occurred from 1886 to 1946 and no native oyster reefs occur today, but historically oyster reefs extended across more than 1,500 km of coastline. That oyster reefs were characteristic of much of the coastline of South Australia from 1836 to 1910 appears not to be known because there is no contemporary consideration of their ecological and economic value. Based on the concept of a shifted baseline, we consider this contemporary state to reflect a collective, intergenerational amnesia. Our model of generational amnesia accounts for differences in intergenerational expectations of food, economic value, and ecosystem services of nearshore areas. An ecological system that once surrounded much of the coast and possibly the past presence of oyster reefs altogether may be forgotten and could not only undermine progress towards their recovery, but also reduce our expectations of these coastal ecosystems. La Pérdida de una Línea de Base Ecológica por Medio de la Erradicación de Arrecifes de Ostión de los Ecosistemas Costeros y la Memoria Humana 相似文献
92.
While chorionic villus sampling allows both early and rapid prenatal diagnosis of chromosome disorders, the accuracy of this technique has not been fully established. Maternal cell contamination and pseudomosaicism represent two major sources of diagnostic error. Combined use of both direct chromosome preparations and villus cultures is important in overcoming these problems. Direct preparations of villus tissue allow recognition of maternal cell contamination of villus cultures. Conversely, villus cultures yield higher resolution chromosomes and may be helpful in differentiating between true versus pseudomosaicism when two or more cell lines are identified in direct chromosome preparations. Preliminary data suggest that analysis of direct preparations from multiple individually processed villus fragments may also be of value in this regard. Until more experience is gained, mid-trimester amniocentesis should be offered to CVS patients when mosaicism is encountered. 相似文献
93.
94.
The stomachs of 1 165 individuals of the species Ophiacantha bidentata (Retzius), Ophiactis abyssicola (M. Sars), Ophiocten gracilis (O. Sars), Ophiura irrorata (Lyman), O. ljungmani (Lyman) and Ophiomusium lymani Wyville Thomson, collected from the general area of the Rockall Trough from 1973 to 1983, were examined; 47% contained material. This varied in nature and in volume between individuals, but overall, the diets of the 6 species showed quite high similarity. The few differences evident are interpreted as reflecting different lifestyles. Except for Ophiocten gracilis, the probably motile, epifaunal species (Ophiura irrorata, O. ljungmani and Ophiomusium lymani) showed the greatest variety in items, and the lowest similarity with the remaining species; they are probably unselective omnivores, eating whatever small prey or organic detritus they are able to find. Ophiacantha bidentata and Ophiactis abyssicola showed both the least dietary variety, and the highest similarity to each other. This probably reflects their more sedentary lifestyle, feeding on current-borne particles and small prey from perches on sessile fauna. The stomach contents of Ophiocten gracilis consisted mainly of amorphous organic material and mineral particles, indicating a microphagous feeding mechanism. With O. gracilis, the proportion of stomachs with food decreased markedly in summer, this coinciding with seasonal gonadal development when stomachs frequently appeared ruptured or compressed. The possible importance of seasonal sedimentation of fast-sinking particulates from the surface is discussed in relation to finds of flocculent organic material, often containing diatom frustules, in stomachs of all 6 species. Some doubts remain as to whether our results are biased by specimens egesting stomach contents on capture. As in shallow water, deep-sea ophiuroids seem to be trophic generalists lacking in dietary specialization. Brief notes on parasites encountered are also given. 相似文献
95.
Heidi S. Fisher R. Swaisgood H. Fitch-Snyder 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2003,53(2):123-130
Competitive countermarking occurs when animals compete to ensure that their scent marks are in the top-most position and more recently deposited than those of rivals. Because it takes a great deal of time and energy, and perhaps dominant or territorial status, to patrol the area and rapidly countermark rivals' marks, assessors may use the presence of countermarks as a reliable cue of the signaler's competitive ability. Selection on assessors, therefore, should favor the evolution of mechanisms to determine which scent is the countermark. Sexual selection theory predicts that females select high-quality males with whom to mate; therefore, females should mate preferentially with countermarking males. We examined the role of countermarking in intra-male competition and female mate choice in the pygmy loris. In experiment 1, we found that males deposit significantly more urine when countermarking other males' urine, but countermark female urine no more than control stimuli. In experiment 2, we exposed females to the urine of two males for several weeks. One male always deposited his urine first, whereas the second male always deposited his urine later and on top of the first male's urine. When reaching peak estrus, females were given a simultaneous choice test between the two males, and showed a significant preference for the countermarking male with regard to: (1) her location and orientation to the male, (2) her chemosensory interest in the male and his cage, and (3) her affiliative socio-sexual behaviors. These results are consistent with predictions from the competitive countermarking hypothesis, and demonstrate that chemosignals play a profound role in governing female reproductive behavior in the species. 相似文献
96.
Submerged aquatic vegetation has the potential to greatly improve water quality through the removal of nutrients, particulates
and trace metals. The efficiency of this removal depends heavily upon the rate of vertical mixing, which dictates the timescale
over which these constituents remain in the canopy. Continuous dye injection experiments were conducted in a flume with model
vegetation to characterize vertical mass transport in vegetated shear flows. Through the absorbance–concentration relationship
of the Beer–Lambert Law, digital imaging was used to provide high-resolution concentration profiles of the dye plumes. Vertical
mass transport is dominated by the coherent vortices of the vegetated shear layers. This is highlighted by the strong periodicity
of the transport and its simple characterization based on properties of the shear layer. For example, the vertical turbulent
diffusivity is directly proportional to the shear and thickness of the layer. The turbulent diffusivity depends upon the size
of the plume, such that the rate of plume growth is lower near the source. In the far-field, mass is mixed more than twice
as rapidly as momentum. Finally, plume size is dictated predominantly by X, a dimensionless distance that scales upon the
number of vortex rotations experienced by the plume. 相似文献
97.
Gonzalez-Ocampo H Romero-Schmidt H Serrano-Pinto V Arguelles C Salinas F Rodríguez A Castellanos A Ortega-Rubio A 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2004,25(1):27-38
Aquaculture offers a major opportunity for the economic development of Baja California Sur (BCS), Mexico. The severely limited freshwater supply and the geographic isolation of the state place limits on other productive activities. Despite the aridity, the natural vegetation of BCS is diverse and structurally complex with a high percentage (20%) of endemic species. In this work we compare the environmental impacts produced by two kinds of aquaculture systems: coastal ponds vs. inland ponds. Construction and operation of coastal ponds does not require destruction of the natural vegetation and, as is true for inland ponds. Coastal ponds are also compatible with conservation of mangroves, sea grasses and sensitive habitats for fish and mollusks. To reduce the negative impacts of aquaculture and to protect the vegetation of Baja California Sur, we recommend the use of coastal ponds for shrimp production. 相似文献
98.
Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of sand burial on survival and growth of seedlings ofCirsium pitcheri. In 1992–1993, seedlings were buried to depths of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of their height while in 1993–1994, the seedlings
were buried to depths of 0, 4 cm (single burial), 4 cm (repeated burial of 1 cm every 8 days), 8 cm (single burial) and 8
cm (repeated burial of 2 cm every 8 days). Several physiological traits, net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll a∶b ratio, leaf
area, number and length of leaves, number of internodes, amount of tillering, and biomass, were measured. The results showed
that all seedlings died in the complete (100%) burial, 20% died in the 75% burial and none died in the 0, 25 and 50% burial
treatments. Burial of seedlings to a depth of 25% stimulated their growth but 75% burial significantly decreased the total
dry weight. Repeated burial treatments exhibited significantly greater stimulation of growth than single burial. Surviving
seedlings grew through the sand deposit by elongating the stem and leaf petioles, increasing the number of nodes and the length
of internodes. This elongation occurred at the expense of development of the root system indicating that available energy
was re-allocated to above-ground parts. 相似文献
99.
Brian Baily Alastair Pearson Peter Collier Dominic Fontana 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2002,8(1):77-86
This paper discusses a research project dealing with the mapping of the intertidal vegetation of several harbours along the
southern coastline of England. It describes in detail the methods used to map the vegetation and gives examples of the results
from these studies. This paper then goes on to explain how these results are applied by the Environment Agency of England
and Wales to improve water quality in the harbours. This type of vegetation mapping is useful in monitoring the development
of the intertidal species includingSpartina, Zostera and of particular importance to this study the green algaeUlva andEnteromorpha. The work was undertaken with funding from the Environment Agency and at present has taken place over a four year period.
The data collected will be used by the Environment Agency to assess macro-algae covervalues for the intertidal area of the
harbours concerned. This forms part of the Agency's commitment to the EU Nitrates Directive and the Urban Waste Water Treatment
Directive. Some of the species mapped act as suitable indicators of water quality and are symptoms of entrophication. Other
species are of interest for nature conservation and were recorded to provide a record for longer-term trends in vegetation
patterns within the harbour. This paper aims to provide readers with an understanding of the techniques involved as well as
an evaluation of the methodology. 相似文献
100.
It has been suggested that actively expressed genes are primarily located in early replicating bands. This hypothesis is supported by cytogenetic and pregnancy outcome data from four consecutive cases of prenatally detected de novo marker chromosomes. Two fetuses with major anomalies had large early replicating bands, while the marker in a third phenotypically normal fetus was late replicating. In the fourth case, a ring marker chromosome had only a small early replicating region. Pregnancy termination was elected. While no structural malformations were apparent, potential intellectual function in this case remains unresolved. An understanding of the relationship between genomic organization and chromosome banding is critical in counseling for prenatally detected de novo marker chromosomes. Replicational banding is particularly helpful in recognizing genes that may be actively expressed and result in developmental abnormality. 相似文献