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121.
Helmut Altner 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1985,72(2):57-61
In order to discuss the justified and humane demands for more animal protection in science we need first to achieve conceptual clarity. A simple separation of highly developed animals from less developed ones is hardly possible. Although we have no reliable way of assessing pain and suffering in animals we still have the responsibility for protecting them. However, scientists will always require animal experimentation in order to further the understanding of ourselves and to improve health. These experiments should follow strict guidelines. Concrete measures for animal protection must be adapted to each case and the consequences carefully thought out. 相似文献
122.
Helmut Hölder 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1975,62(12):545-554
The term “Jurassic” refers to a manifold rock series of an epoch in the earth's history and its organic enclosures, from which-despite the lack of detail -a picture of earth surface and its life at that time can be reconstructed. This article presents the position of research and the problems it faces, which are partly of an objective and partly of a methodical nature. 相似文献
123.
Helge Torgersen Gerhard Soja Ines Janssen Helmut Gaugitsch 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1998,5(2):89-93
The risk assessment of genetically-modified plants pursuant to Annex II B of EU Directive 94/15/EC assumes that it is possible
to infer the environmental impacts of a crop plant from its characteristics, so most of Annex II should also be applicable
to conventional plants. To test this, we surveyed reports on the ecological impacts of the cultivation of non-transgenic crop
plants with novel or improved traits and, in three cases, investigated whether Annex II B would have been adequate to indicate
the effects. Such an assessment appears to be feasible only if the time frame on which it is based is short, so that long-term
effects cannot be assessed. Secondly, the plant must be genetically homogenous which is not always granted, e.g. with forest-trees.
Thirdly, the cultivation area must be defined. Differences in the behaviour of foreign plants between their original and cultivation
habitats may be ecologically relevant and should be assessed. In the (few) cases where direct inference of the observed effects
was possible from inherent traits, these effects often correlated with poor adaptation to local environmental conditions.
The ecological impacts of traits that had been introduced in order to overcome poor adaptation may differ widely according
to the way in which the traits are exploited. In practice, the effects of agricultural measures are more important than the
effects of gene transfer and invasiveness, although the latter currently play a major role in risk assessment. In the light
of these deliberations, a modification of Annex II B of EU Directive 94/15/EC is suggested. 相似文献
124.
Archetypical patterns and trajectories of land systems in Europe 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Levers Christian Müller Daniel Erb Karlheinz Haberl Helmut Jepsen Martin Rudbeck Metzger Marc J. Meyfroidt Patrick Plieninger Tobias Plutzar Christoph Stürck Julia Verburg Peter H. Verkerk Pieter J. Kuemmerle Tobias 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(3):715-732
Regional Environmental Change - Assessments of land-system change have dominantly focused on conversions among broad land-use categories, whereas intensity changes within these categories have... 相似文献
125.
Beyene A Kassahun Y Addis T Assefa F Amsalu A Legesse W Kloos H Triest L 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(11):7053-7063
Although waste from coffee processing is a valuable resource to make biogas, compost, and nutrient-rich animal food, it is usually dumped into nearby water courses. We carried out water quality assessment at 44 sampling sites along 18 rivers that receive untreated waste from 23 coffee pulping and processing plants in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. Twenty upstream sampling sites free from coffee waste impact served as control, and 24 downstream sampling sites affected by coffee waste were selected for comparison. Physicochemical and biological results revealed a significant river water quality deterioration as a result of disposing untreated coffee waste into running water courses. During coffee-processing (wet) season, the highest organic load (1,900?mg/l), measured as biochemical oxygen demand, depleted dissolved oxygen (DO) to a level less than 0.01?mg/l, and thus curtailed nitrification. During off season, oxygen started to recuperate and augmented nitrification. The shift from significantly elevated organic load and reduced DO in the wet season to increased nitrate in the off season was found to be the determining factor for the difference in macroinvertebrate community structure as verified by ordination analysis. Macroinvertebrate diversity was significantly reduced in impacted sites during the wet season contrary to the off season. However, there was a significant difference in the ratio of sensitive to pollution-tolerant taxa in the off season, which remained depreciated in the longer term. This study highlights the urgency of research exploring on the feasibility of adopting appropriate pollution abatement technologies to implement ecologically sound coffee-processing systems in coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia. 相似文献
126.
Due to its rapid industrialization and urbanization, China faces the daunting challenge of sharply growing energy and resource
consumption. It is now indispensable for the nation to alter its course of development into more sustainable paths in terms
of energy and resource efficiency. In this paper, we discuss the energy intensity of the industrial sectors of the Yangtze
River Delta, consisting of Shanghai City and the neighboring province of Jiangsu—the fastest economically developing region
of the country—and argue possible strategies for energy efficient industrial activities there. We first examine the historical
trends of energy intensity associated with industrial sectors and study the factors affecting the evolution of these trends
by applying decomposition analysis. We then argue that if “business as usual” (BAU) development patterns are continued, energy
intensity level in both regions may surpass China’s policy targets in 2010, and GDP growth as well as energy consumption will
exceed possible pathways under current policy targets by 2020. Thus, appropriate measures are urgently needed to lower energy
intensity and consumption. Based upon these analyses as well as the Chinese government’s policy orientation, we propose two
options as alternative scenarios for improving practices in energy-intensive industries, particularly targeting the cement
and steel production sectors. These options are: (1) diffusion of highly energy efficient technologies into these industries,
and (2) promotion of a circular economy and industrial symbiosis. We highlight that these options can potentially lead to
energy savings and reductions in resource consumption associated with industrial activities and can serve as a regional model
for more sustainable industrial activities in China. 相似文献
127.
Waste prevention is a principle means of achieving the goals of waste management and a key element for developing sustainable economies. Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) contribute substantially to environmental degradation, often not even being aware of their environmental effects. Therefore, several initiatives have been launched in Austria aimed at supporting waste prevention measures on the level of SMEs. To promote the most efficient projects, they have to be evaluated with respect to their contribution to the goals of waste management. It is the aim of this paper to develop a methodology for evaluating waste prevention measures in SMEs based on their goal orientation. At first, conceptual problems of defining and delineating waste prevention activities are briefly discussed. Then an approach to evaluate waste prevention activities with respect to their environmental performance is presented and benchmarks which allow for an efficient use of the available funds are developed. Finally the evaluation method is applied to a number of former projects and the calculated results are analysed with respect to shortcomings and limitations of the model. It is found that the developed methodology can provide a tool for a more objective and comprehensible evaluation of waste prevention measures. 相似文献
128.
Helmut W. Paschold Author Vitae Alexander V. Sergeev Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(3):171-176
Problem
Whole-body vibration (WBV) is an occupational issue of concern due to adverse health effects or simple discomfort and annoyance. Unlike in Europe, WBV is an emerging topic in the U.S. safety and health (S&H) professional community. We hypothesized that at least one-half of the U.S. occupational S&H professionals knew little or nothing about WBV.Method
We conducted a cross-sectional study (survey) of WBV knowledge among members of the American Society of Safety Engineers. A Likert scale (1-none to 5-expert) was used to determine WBV topic knowledge levels (KL1-5).Results
Analysis of 2,764 responses revealed that 69.5% of the participants self-reported a less than basic WBV understanding. The WBV KL1-5 mean for all participants was 1.94 ± 1.00, corresponding to an awareness of WBV without a depth of understanding.Summary
Many at-risk U.S. workers may not be supported by occupational S&H professionals with adequate WBV knowledge.Impact on Industry
A significant number of U.S. workers may be exposed to unhealthy levels of whole-body vibration. However, the U.S. occupational safety and health community is generally unprepared to anticipate, monitor, and control the whole-body vibration hazard. 相似文献129.
Steven C. Smyth Weimin Jiang Helmut Roth Michael D. Moran Paul A. Makar Fuquan Yang Véronique S. Bouchet Hugo Landry 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(5):1059-1070
A harmonized comparative performance evaluation of A Unified Regional Air-quality Modelling System (AURAMS) v1.3.1b and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) v4.6 air-quality modelling systems was conducted on the same North American grid for July 2002 using the same emission inventories, emissions processor, and input meteorology.Comparison of AURAMS- and CMAQ-predicted O3 concentrations against hourly surface measurement data showed a lower normalized mean bias (NMB) of 20.7% for AURAMS versus 46.4% for CMAQ. However, AURAMS and CMAQ had more similar normalized mean errors (NMEs) of 46.9% and 54.2%, respectively. Both models did similarly well in predicting daily 1-h O3 maximums; however, AURAMS performed better in calculating daily minimums. CMAQ's poorer performance for O3 is partly due to its inability to correctly predict nighttime lows.Total PM2.5 hourly surface concentration was under-predicted by both AURAMS and CMAQ with NMBs of ?10.4% and ?65.2%, respectively. However, as with O3, both models had similar NMEs of 68.0% and 70.6%, respectively. In general, AURAMS performance was better than CMAQ for all major PM2.5 species except nitrate and elemental carbon. Both models significantly under-predicted total organic aerosols (TOAs), although the mean AURAMS concentration was over four times larger than CMAQ's. The under-prediction of TOA was partly due to the exclusion of forest-fire emissions. Sea-salt aerosol made up approximately 50.2% of the AURAMS total PM2.5 surface concentration versus only 6.2% in CMAQ when averaged over all grid cells. When averaged over land cells only, sea-salt still contributed 13.9% to the total PM2.5 mass in AURAMS versus 2.0% in CMAQ. 相似文献
130.
Fetzel Tamara Niedertscheider Maria Haberl Helmut Krausmann Fridolin Erb Karl-Heinz 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(5):1507-1520
Regional Environmental Change - African land systems play a decisive role in addressing future sustainability challenges for food and energy supply—in Africa and potentially elsewhere.... 相似文献